Term
| Increased RBC is due to an overproduction of __________ in repsonse to low levels of O2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hb serves as a direct indication of the __________ of the blood. It is used to screen for dz associated with ______ and ______. |
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Definition
| O2 transport capacity. Anemia and polycythemia. |
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Term
| What does Hct measure? What is it in relation to value of Hb? |
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Definition
| % volume of blood composed of RBC. 3X Hb. |
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Term
| Who is nucleated RBCs seen in? |
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Definition
| Newborns (2-3%) and polycythemia vera |
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Term
| What are RBCs that contain a network of granules representing an immature stage of development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reticulocyte value a good indicator of? What would cause inc. reticulocytes? Dec.? |
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Definition
| Whether or not the bone marrow is prod. new RBCs. Inc. in sickle cell anemia. Dec. d/t drugs that suppress hematopoesis. |
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Term
| What do RBC indices assess? |
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Definition
| The size and Hb content of the RBC - used to differentiate types of anemia. |
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Term
| What values are used to calculate RBC indices? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 3 components of RBC indices. |
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Definition
| 1) Mean cell volume (MCV) 2) Mean cell Hb (MCH) 3) Mean cell Hb concentration (MCHC) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause MCV to be falsely elevated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is an index of the RBC size variation? |
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Definition
| Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) |
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Term
| What is the term for MCV >100? MCV <80? |
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Definition
| Macrocytosis. Microcytosis. |
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Term
| What is the name of a RBC abnormality with an increased zone of central pallor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is poikilocytosis? Aniscocytosis? |
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Definition
| Variability of RBC shape. Variability of RBC size. |
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Term
| What causes leukocytosis (inc. WBC)? |
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Definition
| Acute infection or malignant neoplasms (bronchogenic CA) |
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Term
| What causes leukopenia (dec. WBC)? |
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Definition
| Viral infection or overwhelming bacterial infection. |
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Term
| What are the 2 major categories of of WBC counts? |
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Definition
| 1) Phagocytes (leukocytes that engulf and digest other cells) 2) Lymphocytes (leukocytes that rec. and destroy foreign proteins). |
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Term
| What is included in the phagocyte portion of WBC counts? |
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Definition
| granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocyte/macrophages) |
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Term
| What does WBC count plus differential mean? |
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Definition
| WBCs plus the relative % of each cell type |
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Term
| What is the difference b/t absolute and relative WBC count? |
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Definition
| Absolute: % of a part. WBC X total WBC. Relative: % of part. WBC in comparison to the whole. |
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Term
| What is the most abundant WBC? What is its function? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils - inflammation and phagocytosis |
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Term
| Name 3 bacterial causes of neutropenia (dec. neutrophils). |
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Definition
| Typhoid fever, Brucellosis, Sepsis (gram -) |
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Term
| What are the primary proteins destroyed by neutrophils? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eosinophils are responsible for combating infections and ______. they also control mechanisms related to ____ and ________. |
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Definition
| Parasites. Asthma and allergies. |
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Term
| Eosinophils are present in large numbers in _________ as well as ________. |
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Definition
| Lungs, intestinal mucosa. |
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Term
| Name 2 pulm. eosinophilias. |
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Definition
| Loeffler's syndrome and bronchopulmonary aspergillosis |
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Term
| What is the immunologic role of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| Humoral immunity (prod. Ab and cytokines) - give specificity and memory |
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Term
| What is the primary cause of lymphocytosis (inc. lymphocytes)? |
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Definition
| Viral infection - EBV, CMV, hepatitis, mumps, rubella, rubeolla, most URI |
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Term
| Name 5 non-viral causes of lymphocytosis. |
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Definition
| 1) TB 2) Syphilis 3) ALL and CLL 4) Lymphoma 5) Toxoplasmosis |
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Term
| What conditions may cause lymphopenia (low lymphocytes)? |
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Definition
| HL, lupus, admin of ACTH and cortisone, burns or trauma, Cushing's, AIDS, aplastic crisis |
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Term
| What are the 2 main functions of monocytes in the immune system? |
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Definition
| 1) Replenish macrophages 2) Respond to inflammation signals |
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Term
| What conditions can cause monocytosis? |
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Definition
| 1) Infections (TB, SBE, syphilis, listeria) 2) Viral (hepatitis, MMR) 3) Parasitic (malaria) 4) Hematologic (CML, AML, HL, polycythemia vera) |
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Term
| Basophils move into the tissues and become __________ which are stimulated by ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Basophils contain high levels of _______ and _______, making them an improtant player in allergy and anaphylaxis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cells circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the immediate precursor cells to platelets? Where are they found? |
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Definition
| Megakaryocytes. Bone marrow. |
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Term
| what can cause thrombocytosis? |
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Definition
| Infection, chronic blood loss, tissue damage, surgery, chronic inflammation, PCV, myeloproliferative d/o |
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Term
| Name 3 causes of thrombocytopenia d/t decreased production of platelets. |
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Definition
| Aplastic anemia, XRT, and MM |
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Term
| Name 2 causes of thrombocytopenia d/t increased destruction of platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause thrombocytopenia d/t limited function of platelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 causes of thrombocytopenia d/t dilution. |
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Definition
| Severe blood loss, trauma, and exchange transfusion |
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Term
| What is contained in yellow bone marrow? Red bone marrow? |
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Definition
| Fat cells and connective tissue. Hematopoietic cells in addition to above. |
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Term
| Name 4 anatomic locations for bone marrow bx. |
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Definition
| 1) Posterior superior iliac spine 2) Sternum 3) Spinous process 4) Tibia |
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Term
| What morphologic change in neutrophils have an irregular, sky-blue staining cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neutrophils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What morphologic change in neutrophils shows an engulfed organism through a phagocytic process? Consists of a dark granulation fine dark granules scattered in the cytoplasm? |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm vacuoles. Toxic granulation. |
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