Term
| Erythropoietin production is regulated by this. |
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Definition
| Production is regulated by hypoxia (from peritubular fibroblast secreted hypoxia inducible factor) |
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Term
| Fetal RBC's are made here from weeks 3-7 and are nucleated. |
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Definition
| Extraembryonic yolk sack makes these |
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Term
| HbF is made of these chains |
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Definition
| Made of Alpha(2)Gamma(2). Also, resistant to 2,3-BPG causing a left shift on the O2 binding curve |
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Term
| Site of bilirubin formation in the body |
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Definition
| Bilirubin is formed in the mitochondria of macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycine, succinyl-CoA and Fe make this, in the mitochondria of liver and BM cells |
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Term
| Lead blocks these two enzymes of heme synthesis |
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Definition
| Blocks dALA and Ferrochetalase |
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Term
| Fetal RBC development during 2nd trimester |
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Definition
| Fetal RBCs made in liver and spleen at this time |
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Term
| Fetal RBCs made here at week 3 |
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Definition
| Embryonic visceral mesoderm gives rise to angioblasts intravascularly at this time |
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Term
| Fetal yolk sack produces RBCs at this time |
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Definition
| 1st trimester RBC production happens here |
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Term
| This mutation creates resistance to activated protein C, causing a hypercoaguable state |
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Definition
| Factor V leiden mutation (Arg506Gln) |
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Term
| This is a Vitamin K dependent serine protease that degrades factor Va and factor VIIIa |
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Definition
| Protein C (depends on protein S for activation) |
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Term
| Risk factors for this condition include: pregnancy, long air travel, obesity, smoking, oral contraceptives, surgery, trauma, cancer, COPD, antiphospholipid AB syndrome and can result in permanent damage to venous valves |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibrin degradation product that is very sensitive (but not specific) for thrombis |
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Definition
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Term
| Test that measures intrinsic arm of clotting cascade. Prolonged most easily when there are reduced levels of factor VIII or Factor IX. Used to measure effects of unfractionated Heparin |
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Definition
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is easier to compress the left common iliac vein and cause a DVT due to course of vasculature. |
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Term
| Platelet aggregation depends on these 3 factors |
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Definition
| Depends on 1)adhesion to wall via vWF 2) release of ADP and 3)aggregation (partially due to TxA2) |
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Term
| 3 anti-aggregation factors |
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Definition
| Factors include 1)PGI2 2)NO and 3) ADPase |
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Term
| 3 anti-coagulation factors |
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Definition
| Factors include 1)Heparin sulfate 2) Protein C/S and 3)tPA |
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Term
| Protein that carries factor VIII |
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Definition
| von Willebrand's factor carries this clotting factor |
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Term
| A dysfunction in this causes increased bleeding time, superficial and mucous membrane bleeds, petichiae and epistaxis |
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Definition
| Effects of a dysfunction in platelet aggregation |
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Term
| A dysfunction in this leads to late re-bleeds, hemarthrosis, menorrhagia and post-tooth extraction bleeding |
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Definition
| Effects of a dysfunction in coagulation |
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Term
| This thrombin induced enzyme activates Protein C |
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Definition
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Term
| This condition causes 1) multi-organ failure from microthrombi 2) bleeding caused by consumption of platelets and fibrinogen and 3) secondary fibrinolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common trigger for DIC? |
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Definition
| The most common trigger for this is exposure of blood to tissue factor |
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Term
| What is the light, blue-grey inclusion in periphery of PMN cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the dark bodies in PMNs that suggest an inflammatory process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 causes of DIC? |
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Definition
| The 7 causes of this condition are Sepsis, Trauma, Obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Nephrotic syndrome and Transfusion. (Mnemonic: STOP Making New Thrombi) |
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Term
| What is the general name for conditions that cause intravascular RBC fragmentation, resulting in schistocytes? |
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Definition
| Description of Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemias (including DIC, TTP and HUS) |
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Term
| Caused by factor VIII deficiency |
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Definition
| Hemophilia A (most common hemophilia. X-linked recessive) |
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Term
| Caused by a factor IX deficiency |
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Definition
| Hemophilia B (Christmas disease) |
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Term
| Test that measures the extrinsic pathway: factor 7 and the common pathway. Use to measure Warfarin fx. |
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Definition
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Term
| Contact with collagen or other negatively charged substances (like ground glass) activate this arm of the clotting cascade |
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Definition
| These activate the intrinsic arm of the clotting cascade |
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Term
| This substance activates the extrinsic pathway of the clotting cascade (measured with PT test) |
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Definition
| Tissue factor activates this arm of the clotting cascade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Iron absorption is regulated by: |
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Definition
| Iron absorption is regulated by need, so ineffective erythropoiesis (ex. B-thalassemia) can cause iron overload |
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Term
| Poikilocytosis (pencil shaped cells) are often seen in this anemia |
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Definition
| These cells are often seen in iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
| Anisocytosis is often seen on RDW in this micro-nutrient deficiency anemia |
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Definition
| This feature is often seen on RDW in iron deficiency anemia |
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Term
| Deficiency in these two micronutrients leads to pancytopenia and marrow hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Signs of B12 and folate deficiency (megaloblastic anemias) |
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Term
| These cells secrete Intrinsic Factor |
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Definition
| Secreted by Parietal Cells in the stomach, binds to B12 |
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Term
| Signs of this condition include a 'beefy' tongue (atrophic glositis), "intestinalization" of the stomach, and spinal cord degeneration |
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Definition
| Signs of Pernicious Anemia |
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Term
| Ribosome precipitation results in this |
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Definition
| Results in Basophilic Stipling (seen in lead poisoning) |
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Term
| B12 - intrinsic factor complex is absorbed in this part of the intestines |
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Definition
| This is absorbed in the Ileum (along with bile salts) |
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Term
| This enzyme decreases Iron absorption |
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Definition
| Hepcidin decreases absorption of this nutrient |
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Term
| Elevated levels of serum Methyl-malonic acid indicate a deficiency in this nutrient |
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Definition
| Blood levels indicate a B12 deficiency |
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Term
| Hyperhomocysteinemia is caused by low levels of these nutrients, and cause an increased risk of DVT and vascular disease |
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Definition
| High blood levels of this are caused by folate (B9) and B12 deficiency |
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Term
| Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for production of this |
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Definition
| Cofactor in the production of Heme |
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Term
| Hyper-segmented PMNs are seen in this condition, along with increased erythropoietin and increased iron absorption |
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Definition
| Features of megaloblastic anemia |
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Term
| Two functions of vitamin B12 |
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Definition
| This nutrient converts Homocysteine to Methionine and converts methyl-THF to THF. |
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Term
| This anemia results in a decreased TIBC and a normal serum ferritin, with increased Fe levels in the bone marrow |
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Definition
| Anemia of chronic disease has these iron levels in the body |
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Term
| What is the proximal cause of most RBC pathology in thalassemia? |
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Definition
| RBC damage in thalassemia is caused by cell membrane damage (due to Heinz bodies and macrophages in the spleen) |
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Term
| This anemia often results in an elevated RBC count and a decreased Hb level. Clumps of non-paired globin chains are seen. |
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Definition
| Characteristics of thalassemias |
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Term
| Characteristics of Thalassemia major |
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Definition
| This disease results in splenomegaly, increased levels of HbF, bone distortions and hemosiderosis, and is fatal in childhood. |
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Term
| Mutation of Sickle Cell disease |
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Definition
| Glu6Val mutation (autosomal recessive) |
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Term
| Factors that cause HbS precipitation in sickle cell anemia |
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Definition
| Sickling caused by low O2 content, intracellular dehydration (increased MCHC) or a decrease in pH. |
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Term
| Where are most sickled cells formed in Sickle Cell anemia? |
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Definition
| Most of the pathologic cells are formed in the bone marrow or the spleen (slow vascular beds where pO2 is low) |
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Term
| This test measures Ab's bound to RBC surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| This test measures unbound Ab's in the serum |
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Definition
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Term
| Autosomal disease causing an intrinsic defect in RBC membrane, due to loss of Ankyrin protein |
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Definition
| Features of Hereditary Spherocytosis (a type of hemolytic anemia) |
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Term
| Condition caused by an abnormality of the hexose monophosphate shunt |
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Definition
| Cause of G-6-PD deficiency (inability to reduce glutathione) |
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Term
| Acquired intrinsic defect in cell membrane that makes cells vulnerable to lysis by compliment and predisposes to DVT. |
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Definition
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinurea (PNH) |
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Term
| In this condition IgG Ab's coat RBC's, and splenic macrophages remove chunks of RBC membrane. May be due to drugs acting as Haptens. |
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Definition
| Warm Ab immunohemolytic anemia |
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Term
| In this condition IgM Ab's bind and agglutinate RBC's, especially in the fingers, toes and ears. This leads to splenic destruction of RBCs. |
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Definition
| Cold Agglutination Immunohemolytic anemia |
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Term
| This condition is due to a failure of the bone marrow, leading to pancytopenia, and may be due to benzene, chloramphenicol, alkylating agents, radiation or vincristine (also caused by Parvovirus B19 in people with Sickle Cell anemia) |
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Definition
| Causes of aplastic anemia |
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|
Term
| Rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting in marrow hypoplasia and short stature |
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Definition
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Term
| This anemia is due to destruction of bone marrow, often from metastatic cancer from one of these 3 areas |
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Definition
| Metastatic cancer from the breast, lung or prostate can do this |
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Term
| A decrease in plasma volume (from dehydration) can cause this |
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Definition
| Can show a relative polycythemia (showing an increase in hematocrit) |
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|
Term
| What causes a febrile reaction following a blood transfusion? |
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Definition
| You get a febrile reaction when the host has anti-HLA Ab's against donor leukocytes. Lysis releases pyogens. |
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Term
| What causes a delayed hemolytic reaction to a blood transfusion? |
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Definition
| Delayed hemolytic reactions to blood transfusions occur when the recipient has plasma cells that recognize donor RBC Ag's |
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Term
| Blood type O mothers have what Ab's? |
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Definition
| Type O mothers have anti-AB IgG's which can cross the placenta, causing a very mild anemia or jaundice in first 24 hours of life |
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Term
| This situation can result in hydrops fetalis, kernicterus and severe anemia in babies |
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Definition
| This occurs when the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+ and the mother has been previously exposed to Rh+ blood. (Note that ABO incompatibility prevents Rh sensitization). Prevent sensitization with anti-D globulin. |
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Term
| When would you give cryoprecipitate? |
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Definition
| Give cryoprecipitate for coagulation disorders involving factor VIII or fibrinogen |
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|
Term
| When would you give fresh frozen plasma? |
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Definition
| Give this blood product to treat DIC or for Warfarin anti-coagulation |
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|
Term
| When would you give platelets to someone? |
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Definition
| Give this blood product for significant bleeding related to thrombocytopenia or a platelet defect (note that platelets lack Rh Ag). |
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|
Term
| How do you treat a Heparin overdose? |
|
Definition
| Treat overdose with Protamine Sulfate |
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|
Term
| This drug accelerates the activity of antithrombin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug blocks vitamin K dependent carboxylation of glutamate, takes several days to be effective, and can cross the placenta causing birth defects |
|
Definition
| Characteristics of Warfarin, which is measured using the INR (PT) |
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