Term
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Definition
Liver disease, a-beta-lipoproteinemia
Long, asymmetrical projections w/ bulbous ends |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with renal failure
Short, symmetrical spikes with sharp, pointed ends |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated w/ MPD esp. myelofibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
MDS
Slit-like central pallor b/c only concave on 1 side instead of both |
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Term
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Definition
Nl to macro (↑membrane ): liver disease, asplenia
Nl to micro (↓Hb ): hypochromic anemia, Hb-opathies
HALT: hemolytic anemia/HbC, asplenia, liver disease, thalassemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ↑fibrinogen or gamma-globulin, loss of zeta potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with stress like acute hemorrhage, severe anemia, hemolysis, OR true marrow neoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Fine: young RBC (will be gone in a day)
Coarse: thalassemia, lead poisoning, myelodysplasia
Remnants of RNA distributed throughout the cell |
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Term
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Definition
G6PD
Rigid blue circles indicative of unstable Hb |
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Term
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Definition
| Asplenia, megaloblastic anemia, MDS, hemolytic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Sideroblastic anemia
Small, eccentric, blue inclusion = stainable iron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Indicates young RBC (retic)
Diffuse blue color = remnant of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Serum ferritin levels α... |
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Definition
| Macrophage ferritin stores |
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Term
| Causes of microcytic anemia |
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Definition
Serum Fe nl or ↑: Hb-opathies, sideroblastic anemia, lead poisoning, porphyrias
Serum Fe↓: Fe deficiency, anemia of chronic disease (can also be normocytic) |
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Term
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Definition
Serum Fe dec.
TIBC inc.
%Sat <10
Ferritin dec. |
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Term
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Definition
Serum Fe dec.
TIBC nl or dec.
%Sat <15%
Ferritin nl or inc. |
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Term
| Fe studies: sideroblastic anemia |
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Definition
Serum Fe inc.
TIBC nl or dec.
%Sat inc.
Ferritin inc. |
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Term
| B-thalassemia: genotypes and phenotypes |
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Definition
Normal: ββ
Major: β0β0, β+β+
Intermedia: β0β, β+β+
Minor: β0β, β+β |
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Term
| B-thalassemia major: presentation |
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Definition
| Severe anemia (coolie’s), expanded BM→skeletal changes seen on Xray |
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Term
| B-thalassemia major: tx, complications |
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Definition
Tx: need transfusions after HbF goes away = 6-9mo
Complications: transfusions can cause Fe overload = 2° hemachromatosis |
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Term
| A-thalassemia genotypes and phenotypes |
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Definition
Lethal: --/--
Intermedia: --/-α = HbH disease
Minor: --/αα, -α/-α
Carrier: -α/αα |
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Term
| Diagnosis of a vs. b-thalassemia |
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Definition
HbA2, HbF↑ = β-thalassemia
HbA2 not↑ = α-thalassemia |
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Term
| Sideroblastic anemia: mechanism |
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Definition
| Heme synthesis defect, gets stuck in the mito around the nucleus |
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Term
| Lead poisoning anemia: mechanism, peripheral smear |
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Definition
Mechanism: inhibits heme production via inhibition of ALA dehydratase, ferroketolase
Peripheral smear: hypochromic, coarse basophilic stippling |
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Term
| Evolution of Fe-def. anemia |
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Definition
BM ferritin depleted
Serum ferritin↓→serum Fe↓→TIBC↑
Microcytosis = RDW↑ (b/c old normal cells are still around)
Hb, Hct↓, symptoms when <30
MCV↓
Hypochromia
MCHC↓ |
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Term
| Pencil/cigar-shaped cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ↓EPO→↓RBC synthesis, BM macrophages can’t release Fe to RBC precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| ↑ferritin (blue) in BM macrophages |
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Term
| Causes of normocytic anemia, RPI <2 |
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Definition
MDS
Lymphoproliferative disorder
Aplastic anemia (can also be macrocytic)
Liver disease (can also be macrocytic)
Renal disease: b/c not making enough EPO
Chronic disease (can also be microcytic) |
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Term
| Macrocytic anemia w/ RPI <2 |
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Definition
Megaloblastic: B12/folate deficiency, MDS, drug-induced suppression
Non-megaloblastic: EtOH, liver disease (can also be normocytic), aplastic anemia (can also be normocytic), endocrinopathies |
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Term
| B12-def. anemia hemolysis labs will come back... |
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Definition
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Term
| B12-def. anemia: peripheral smear |
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Definition
Macro-ovalocytes
Howell-Jolly bodies
Hyperseg neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
Erythroid hyperplasia
Giant WBC precursors (metamyelocytes, bands)
Huge, hyperlobated megakaryocytes |
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Term
| PA: pathogenesis, age range |
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Definition
Anti-parietal cell Ab (type III): sensitive, not specific
Anti-IF Ab (types I, II): specific, not sensitive
Both can lead to destruction of parietal cells = atrophic gastritis
50-60yo |
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Term
| Folate-def. anemia: serum B12 and folate labs |
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Definition
Serum B12 nl
RBC folate low
(Serum fluctuates too much to be reliable) |
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Term
| B12/folate-def anemia rebound post meds |
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Definition
Hours: BM blood cell maturation returns to normal (no megaloblasts)
Days: retic↑
10 days – 2 wks: retic↑ peaks
4 wks: Hb↑
Some time later: Hb nl |
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Term
| Intravascular hemolysis: labs |
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Definition
Dec. serum haptoglobin
+plasma Hb
+urine Hb
+urine hemosiderin |
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Term
| Extravascular hemolysis: labs |
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Definition
Inc. bilirubin
+urobolinogen |
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Term
| Causes of primarily intravascular hemolysis |
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Definition
G6PD
PNH
Microangiopathy
Infection
Mechanical |
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Term
| Causes of primarily extravascular hemolysis |
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Definition
Membrane issues
Hb-opathies
G6PD
Immune-related disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic hemolysis
Pigmented gallstones |
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Term
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Definition
↓NADPH→GSH↓
Oxidative stress: infections, sulfonamides, fava beans, antimalarials
Unstable globin chains→ppt as Heinz bodies→intra- and extravascular hemolysis (oldest RBC most vulnerable)
Self-limited w/ destruction of older RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
Cause: acquired mutation of IP glycan A
Mechanism: deficiency of certain cell membrane proteins = sensitive to complement lysis |
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Term
| AIHA: etiology and mechanism |
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Definition
Usually seen in autoimmune disorders like SLE
M. pneumoniae associated w/ IgM
“warm” IgG Ab attacks RBC Ag = extravascular
“cold” IgM Ab attacks RBC Ag = intravascular |
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Term
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Definition
| vWF-protease deficiency = vWF stays in blood and stimulates platelet adhesion and thrombosis = widespread platelet/fibrin thrombi formation |
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Term
| TTP/HUS can be distinguished from DIC based on the fact that... |
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Definition
TTP/HUS have nl PT/PTT
DIC has prolonged Pt/PTT |
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Term
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Definition
| Fresh frozen plasma, plasma exchange |
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