Term
Bleeding disorders are related to:
pg 1040 |
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Definition
| a deficiency of B12 and folic acid |
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Term
Blood cell formation:
pg 1037 |
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Definition
| hematopoiesis; occurs primarily in the bone marrow, spleen and liver are involved during embryonic development and other conditions; normal production- 175 billion erythrocytes, 70 billion neutrophils, 175 billion platelets; blood is 7-10% of body wt.; 5-6L; function is to carry oxygen and nutrients to cells; also carries wastes away from body cells; 55% of blood is plasma |
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Term
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Definition
WBC- 4300-10800
WBC differential consists of neutrophils, leukocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils
RBC: 4.2-5.9 million
HgB: 13-18 (men) 12-16 (women)
Platelets: 150000-400000 |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the HgB concentration is lower than normal, reflects lower RBCs in circulation, less O2 to body tissues; most common hematologic condition |
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Term
Hypoproliferative Anemias
pg 1045 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tachycardia on exertion, fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, muscle cramping; these depend on severity of and type of anemia; likely to be asymptomatic |
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Term
Iron deficiency anemia
pg 1049 |
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Definition
| usually from lack of dietary intake; most common anemia; S/Sx of anemia plus (if severe) smooth, sore tongue; brittle and ridged nails, angular cheilosis |
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Term
Anemias in Renal disease
pg 1051 |
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Definition
| caused by short life span of RBCs and decreased erythropoietin |
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Term
Anemia of Chronic Disease
pg 1051 |
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Definition
| chronic diseases of inflammation, infection, and malignancy; usually normochromic or normocytic anemia- RBCs are normal in color and size; mild an nonprogressive; few symptoms and does not require treatment if underlying disorder is being treated |
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Term
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Definition
| rare; caused by decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells, damage to the microenvironment w/in the marrow, and replacement of the marrow w/ fat; hypothesized that T cells attack the bone marrow, causing aplasia; therefore, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia also result; S/Sx- fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, bruising; complications from bone marrow failure may occur before a diagnosis is made |
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Term
Megaloblastic Anemias
pg 1052 |
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Definition
| caused by def. of B12 or folic acid; erythrocytes are abnormally large (megaloblastic red cells); causes hyperplasia; also causes abnormal lymphoid leukocytes and platelets; S/Sx: classic anemia, diarrhea, confusion, paresthesia in extremities |
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Term
Sickle Cell Anemia
pg 1055 |
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Definition
| severe hemolytic anemia that results from inherited gene; HgB molecule is defective; sickle hemoglobin (HbS) acquires a crystal-like formation when exposed to low O2 tension; stick to the walls of vessels and to eachother; with adequate amounts of O2, before membrane becomes to rigid, it can revert to a normal shape; cold aggravates the process d/t vasoconstriction; inherited in ppl of African descent and, to a lesser extent, Middle East, Mediterranean, and aboriginal tribes in India; S/Sx-bone marrow expands in childhood, sometimes causing enlargement of the bones of the face and skull, tachycardia, murmurs, enlarged heart, dysrhytmias, unusual susception to infection |
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Term
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Definition
| group of hereditary anemias characterized by hypochromia, microcytosis, destruction of blood elements, and variable degrees of anemia; Thalassemia Major (Cooley's anemia) is a severe beta-thalassemia and is characterized by severe anemia, marked hemolysis, and ineffective erythropoiesis, usually fatal in first few years if untreated; bone marrow transplant is sometimes a cure |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited bleeding disorders; manifested by hemorrhages in various parts of the body; type a: deficiency of factor VIII; type b: def. of factor IX (Christmas disease); x-linked, almost all males affected; females can be carriers; blood doesn't clot as it should; avoid anticoags; |
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Term
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Definition
| primary polycythemia; proliferative disorder in which the myeloid stem cells seem to have escaped normal control mechanisms; bone marrow is hypercellular; erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet counts are elevated; S/Sx: ruddy complexion, enlarged spleen; increased blood volume causes HA, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue, parasthesias, and blurred vision; increased blood viscosity causes angina, dyspnea, claudication, and thrombophlebitis; elevated BP, uric acid, generalized pruritus; Dx: elevated erythrocyte mass, normal O2 sat, and enlarged spleen, increased leukocyte and platelet count with normal erythropoietin level |
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Term
Standard Precautions
pg 1820 |
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Definition
| barrier protection at all times to prevent contact with body fluids; gloves, face protection, proper cleaning procedures, handle used equipment in a manner that prevents contact, gowns, wash hands, avoid injury (needlesticks) |
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Term
Anaphylactic Shock
pg 1866 |
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Definition
| Circulatory shock state resulting from severe allergic reactoin producing an overwhelming systemic vasodilation and relative hypovolemia; anyone who has had an allergic reaction is at risk for this; S/Sx: bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, hypotension, seizures, increased HR, respirations, pulse, decreased BP |
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Term
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
pg 1073 |
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Definition
| uncontrolled proliferation of immature cells (lymphoblasts) derived from lymphoid stem cells; cells of origin is usually (75%) precursor to B-lymphocytes; most common in young children (boys more), peak age is 4 y/o; S/Sx: usually decreased leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, but leukocytes may be high or low |
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Term
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
pg 1074 |
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Definition
| derived from a malignant clone of B cells, most fully mature; S/Sx: many asymptomatic and diagnosed accidentally, increased lymphocytes always present, erythrocytes and platelets may be normal or decreased in later stages, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen; "B symptoms"- fevers, drenching sweats (usually at night), unintentional wt. loss |
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Term
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Definition
| low platelet level; results from decreased platelets in bone marrow, increased desrtuction of platelets; S/Sx: petechiae, nasal and gingival bleeding, excessive menstrual bleeding; Dx: bone marrow aspiration, biopsy, CBC |
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Term
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) pg 1093 |
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Definition
| massive amount of tiny clots form in microcirculation, as platelets and clotting factors are consumed to form these microthrombi, coagulation fails; therefore, the result of excessive clotting is bleeding; S/Sx: bleeding mucous membranes, puncture sites, GI and urinary tracts |
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Term
Acquired Immunity (active)
pg 1786 |
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Definition
| vaccine or contraction of disease; develops after birth as a result of exposure to a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| nonspecific and present at birth |
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Term
| Why are the elderly more likely to develop infections? pg 1795 |
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Definition
| diminished function of T cells and B cells |
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Term
| CBC of pt with infection will have elevated... |
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Definition
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Term
Immune response process occurring when WBCs ingest foreign particles
pg 1786 |
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Definition
| phagocytic immune response |
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Term
| If this organ is removed, the pt is at risk for impaired immune function |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of pt is most at risk for developing C. diff? |
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Definition
| immunocompromised (HIV, cancer, elderly) |
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Term
| If someone is immunocompromised, what should you do to their food before serving? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| standard precautions (avoid body fluids) |
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Term
HIV+ pt has cream white patches on the inside of his mouth. What is this?
pg 1832 |
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Definition
| Oral candidiasis: (fungal infection)can progress to esophagus and stomach; S/Sx: painful swallowing, retrosternal pain; candidiasis often precedes other serious infections |
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Term
| HIV+ status has developed into AIDS. What number has CD 4 T Lymphocyte count dropped below? pg 1824 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
>500= HIV asymptomatic
200-499= HIV symptomatic
<200= AIDS |
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