Term
| Describe the basic developmental steps involved in HSC differentiation. |
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Definition
HSCs are pluripotent, self-renewing cells that give rise to Common Lymphoid Progenitors (CLPs) ad Common Myeloid Progenitors (CMPs).
- CLPs become B and T cells
- CMPs give rise to CFUs, which eventually become granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, PMNs), monocytes, red cells and megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. |
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Term
| What are the 3 major pathophysiological mechanisms that can generate anemia? |
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Definition
Decrease in red cell mass, leading to decreased O2 carrying capacity and hypoxia.
(1) decreased red cell production
(2) increased red cell destruction (hemolytic anemias)
(3) blood loss. |
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Term
What do each of the following terms mean in terms of red blood cell morphology?
1) Anisocytosis
2) Poikilocytosis
3) Polychromasia |
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Definition
Normal RBC is biconcave disc of 6-9 um diameter
1) Variation in sizes of RBCs
2) Variation in shape (macrocytes, microcytes, sickle cell)
3) Gray/blue discoloration due to residual cytoplasmic organelles present in RBCs released from bone marrow
- increased after anemia, with increased immature reticulocytes |
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Term
| What are the major types of leukocytes found in the peripheral blood? |
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Definition
1) PMNs (5-10% bands and 90% segmented)
2) Monocytes
3) Eosinophils
4) Basophils
5) Lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are the 3 major protein systems that maintain hemostasis? |
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Definition
1) Coagulation proteins (i.e. clot forming factors)
2) Fibrinolytic proteins (clot lysing)
3) Anticoagulant proteins (regulating proteins). |
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Term
| What are the "primary" and "secondary" lymphoid tissues of the human body? |
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Definition
1) Primary
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
2) Secondary (immune cells acquire particular phenotypes)
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- MALT and GALT |
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Term
| Describe the basic functional anatomy of a lymph node. |
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Definition
Sinuses, Follicles, Paracortex, Medullary Chords
1) Afferent lymph enters capsule and enters cortex
2) B-cell follicles are found in cortex and antigen-specific T effector cells are generated in paracortex just below.
**B cell affinity maturation occurs at junction, where T-cells present to B cells**
3) Lymph in paracortex enters medullary chords, before draining into subcapsular sinuses
4) Efferent lymph drains to the thoracic duct and ultimately to the left subclavian vein. |
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Term
| Describe the basic functional anatomy of the spleen. |
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Definition
150g solid oran in left upper quadrant responsible for blood filtering (senescent RBCs) and immune responses to blood borne antigens.
1) White pulp (WP) is rich in lymphocytes and takes care of immune response
2) Red pulp (RP) is 75% of volume and filters blood
- venous sinuses and cellular “cords” (i.e. cords of Billroth)
3) Perifollicular Zone lies between the WP and RP and is rich in memory B- and T-cells that can respond Rapidly to antigen.
- Blood enters spleen via splenic artery, and is enclosed by PALS (part of WP), which ends in a sheath of macrophages and other reticulum cells
- RBCs squeeze through epithelial slits and move slowly through RP chords ("open circulation"), where macrophages consume RBCs and DCs present antigens to T cells in WP.
- Blood drains through venous sinuses, exits via splenic vein and enters portal circulation. |
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Term
True or False:
Primary Polycythemia is accompanied by low EPO levels. |
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Definition
True!
This might be the case in a myeloproliferative neoplasm |
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