Term
| Fair use and right of remix |
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Definition
| rappers sampling and use of parody |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Digital rights management-the technological extension of copyright control
Terms of use of cultural products would be dictated by copyright holder
IP scholar Lawrence Lessig argues this is a radical break with the past, impacting fair use |
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Term
| Shift to high speed homes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, network form which internet evolved |
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Term
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Definition
| early perdonal computer in the 70s and 80s |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing |
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Term
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Definition
| copyright term was originally 28 yrs, extended to 95 yrs in 1976 |
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Term
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Definition
Term developed by Edward Said to describe a hegemonic pattern of representation
System of stereotypes about the “Orient” (the East)
Produced by Western European and American powers
To understand and to legitimize their conquests of Asia and Africa |
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Term
| trends in media/military relations |
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Definition
| deals wit the controlled portrayal of war through the media |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction of programs for new market with license from original producers |
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Term
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Definition
| means, "the island", Arabic news station |
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Term
| broadcast board of governors |
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Definition
| a Canadian arms-length government agency created in 1958 to regulate television and radio broadcasting, originally taking over that function from the CBC. It was replaced by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in 1968. |
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Term
| external broadcasting: VOA, Radio Free europe, radio liberty, ravio/tv marti, radio farda, rado sawa |
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Definition
| prpoganda radio stations intended from one country to another |
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Term
| international textual circulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Blend of global/national/local production
Two-way flow – but not equal
Stimulation of national subcultures, hybrid cultures
Adaptation of US genres to local culture, e.g. the Indian dating game
Fandom for foreign television |
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Term
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Definition
US/Western dominance of weaker countries
US Information Agency provides producers with suggestions and then promotes programs abroad
US programming often the lowest cost option
BBC World Service maintains supply to former colonies
Hypothesized effects
One way flow or information and ideology
Homogenization of world culture
Demise of “public” culture in face of US commercial model |
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Term
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Definition
US/Western dominance of weaker countries
US Information Agency provides producers with suggestions and then promotes programs abroad
US programming often the lowest cost option
BBC World Service maintains supply to former colonies
Hypothesized effects
One way flow or information and ideology
Homogenization of world culture
Demise of “public” culture in face of US commercial model |
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Term
| Public Service Broadcasting |
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Definition
State-chartered public corporations
Arms-length from government
Regulatory oversight
Funding by license fee, non-commercial
No private competition allowed
BBC (Britain), Europe |
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Term
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Definition
Stations and networks owned and operated by government and ruling parties
Funding directly from government
National, regional, local
Examples: USSR, China |
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Term
| demographics vs. psychographics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Rise of Gay TV attributed to social change + niche marketing + industrial perceptions of audience
Shows with gay themes and content presumed to attract Socially Liberal, Urban Minded Professionals
Ellen, Will and Grace plus a host of shows with significant gay presence work as markers of hipness
Even conservative protest good for business |
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Term
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Definition
| Recording Industry Association of America , a trust that represents the recording industry distributors in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA say "create, manufacture and/or distribute approximately 85% of all legitimate sound recordings produced and sold in the United States".[1] |
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Term
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Definition
“The Deal”
Existing broadcasters get second spectrum assignment on UHF band
FREE
Begin digital broadcasting in 1998
By 2006 or 85% penetration, give back VHF frequencies
But government to auction in 2002 – “spectrum futures”
Delayed, delayed some more, but congress wants revenues from auction
Conversion occurs June 12, 2009 |
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Term
| digital millennium copyright act |
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Definition
| The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to copyrighted works. It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. Passed on October 12, 1998 by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended Title 17 of the United States Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the liability of the providers of on-line services for copyright infringement by their users. |
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Term
| telecommunications act of 1996 |
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Definition
Culmination of deregulatory movement
First major rewrite of Act since 1934
Heavy lobbying by media conglomerates
Very little press coverage
Buzzwords: competition, diversity, choice
Results: merger, convergence, trade-offs (slides 6 &7 of lecture 25) |
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Term
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Definition
| A conglomerate is a combination of two or more corporations engaged in entirely different businesses that fall under one corporate structure, usually involving a parent company and several (or many) subsidiaries. Often, a conglomerate is a multi-industry company. Conglomerates are often large and multinational. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synergy, in general, may be defined as two or more things functioning together to produce a result not independently obtainable. That is, if elements A and B are combined, the result is greater than the expected arithmetic sum A+B. |
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Term
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Definition
Beyond niche marketing and narrowcasting, electronic culture has been reshaped by
Convergence of television with networked micro-computing,
Regulatory interventions that facilitated
Corporate conglomeration,
Global flows of media across multiple platforms |
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Term
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Definition
niche marketing altered the operations of the industry
Networks started experimenting with narrowcasting strategies –
TGIF block (ABC),
“Must She TV” (NBC)
Netlets (WB, UPN) creating “mid-casting” strategies |
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Term
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Definition
“Broadcasting” no longer working
Accelerate CBS and ABC’s 1970s emphasis on demographic targeting
Young viewers
Mature viewers
African-Americans
2 key target audiences become significant in the ’80s
Baby Boom “Quality” viewers
Working Women |
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Term
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Definition
Niches are used to talk about both (1) a narrow segment of audience – the market niche – and (2) the narrowly defined programming that attracts them.
Demographic niches: intended audience groups based on demographic categories.
Age – (Disney, Nicktoons for children)
Gender – (Oxygen, Lifetime “for women,” Spike TV)
Race – (BET)
Language – (Telemundo, Univision)
Class – (Bravo, A&E) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tabloid TV – cheap “reality” programming like America’s Most Wanted, Totally Hidden Video, and Cops |
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Term
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Definition
Roll-out schedule (program few days a week or weekends)
Less network time giving greater flexibility to affiliates |
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Term
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Definition
| The halo effect is a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait (i.e. a characteristic of a person or object) is influenced by the perception of another trait (or several traits) of that person or object. An example would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. |
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Term
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Definition
FOX – Rupert Murdoch buys 20th Century Fox (1984-86) and launches a TV network.
FOX exempt from some regulations
Fin/syn – starting in the 1987/88 season
Caps on market reach and number of O&Os
By 1987 – 115 affiliates (86% national reach)
Most stations are weak, except O&Os
“Fox Halo effect |
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Term
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Definition
Desired demographic profile in the ‘80s
Affluent 18-to-49 year olds.
Adults earning a lot of money—“yuppies” young-urban-professionals
Presumption that people in their 20s-40s are more active and persuadable consumers than in 50s-60s
Urban audiences
“Yuppie Night School”
Ex. Moonlighting often took titles from arty films, e.g. “Cool Hand Dave” from film Cool Hand Luke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developed a number of popular television hits including Hill Street Blues, L.A. Law, and NYPD Blue, as well as some notable flops such as Cop Rock.[1] |
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Term
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Definition
Adult subjects: mature in content and tone
Politics —e.g. feminist overtones and desire for racial harmony
Gray and messy worldview
Stylistic sophistication
Boomers as children of TV
Presumed media literacy |
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Term
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Definition
| the former chairman and CEO of NBC from 1981 to 1986, co-founder of MTM Enterprises, and television producer. Tinker is the former husband of television actress Mary Tyler Moore. He was known as "the man who saved NBC" during his tenure at the network. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mark S. Fowler served as Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from May 18, 1981 to April 17, 1987. Appointed by Ronald Reagan,[2] he led repeal of the Fairness Doctrine and spearheaded the deregulatory trend in telecommunications policy, stating, "The television is just another appliance - it's a toaster with pictures."[3] |
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Term
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Definition
Niche marketing trend
Many examples of format television around today:
Spike TV (formerly TNN),
Lifetime and WE and Oxygen!,
Nickelodeon for kids,
Black Entertainment Television,
Arts & Entertainment Network and Bravo for high-brow,
American Movie Classics,
Cartoon Network,
Country Music Network. |
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Term
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Definition
“Superstations”
1976 –Turner’s independent UHF station in Atlanta, WTBS, available to cable systems via satellite
Powerful and prominent independent stations that not only operate as local broadcast stations put also their signals up on satellites for nationwide distribution via cable services
Movies, baseball and other sports as key programming |
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Term
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Definition
Premium networks
Definition: Premium cable means that the subscriber would have to pay an additional fee for these services,
Development and Growth in the 1970s: Home Box Office (HBO) began operation in the early 1970s, once cable systems were able to carry additional channels to the local broadcast stations.
Either microwave relay OR
Physically transporting videotapes
Very limited distribution in these early years because of inefficiency (Mid 1975 only 3% of subscribers)
1975: Launch of SATCOM 1 a geostationary satellite allows for more efficient distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple system operator,an operator of multiple cable television systems. A cable system in the United States, by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) definition, is a facility serving a single community or a distinct governmental entity, each with its own franchise agreement with the cable company. Though in the strictest sense any cable company that serves multiple communities is thus an MSO, the term today is usually reserved for companies that own a large number of cable systems, such as Time Warner Cable, Cablevision, Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications in the US, Rogers Communications, Videotron and Shaw Communications in Canada or Virgin Media in the UK |
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Term
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Definition
| The Satcom series was a family of communications satellites originally developed and operated by RCA American Communications (RCA Americom). Satcom was one of the early geostationary satellites; the first were the Syncom series, in 1964. The first Satcom satellite, Satcom 1, was launched on December 13, 1975. |
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Term
| segmented audience scheduling |
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Definition
Segmented audience scheduling
Programming for specific consumer groups, or slices of the market
But still broadcasting – looking to hit a lot of desirable viewers with one type of programming |
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Term
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Definition
Titillate audiences with scantily clad, women in action.
Three’s Company
Charlie’s Angels
Bionic Woman
Wonder Woman
The “Silverman Compromise:”
Quasi-feminist messages + “eye candy” |
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Term
| segmented audience scheduling |
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Definition
Segmented audience scheduling
Programming for specific consumer groups, or slices of the market
But still broadcasting – looking to hit a lot of desirable viewers with one type of programming |
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Term
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Definition
Titillate audiences with scantily clad, women in action.
Three’s Company
Charlie’s Angels
Bionic Woman
Wonder Woman
The “Silverman Compromise:”
Quasi-feminist messages + “eye candy” |
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Term
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Definition
The Producer/Auteur
Stephen Bochco/MTM, Hill Street Blues, St. Elsewhere (Grant Tinker, Norman Lear)
Aaron Spelling? |
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Term
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Definition
| Fred Silverman (born September 13, 1937 in New York City) is an American television executive and producer. He worked as an executive at the CBS, ABC and NBC networks, and was responsible for bringing to television such programs as the series Scooby-Doo (1969-present), All in the Family (1971-1979), The Waltons (1972-1981), and Charlie's Angels (1976-1981), as well as the miniseries Roots (1977) and Shōgun (1980) |
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Term
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Definition
| Norman Milton Lear (born July 27, 1922) is an American television writer and producer who produced such 1970s sitcoms as All in the Family, Sanford and Son, One Day at a Time, The Jeffersons, Good Times and Maude |
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Term
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Definition
Also programs like Garry Marshall’s nostalgic fantasy Happy Days.
“Grant Tinker was doing good slick sophisticated comedy. Norman Lear was doing very good social commentary. But I have three little ones at home So I tried to do something kids would watch that wouldn’t put adults to sleep.” – Garry Marshall |
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Term
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Definition
| Public, educational, and government access television, (also PEG-TV or a PEG channel) refers to three different cable television services, which have been associated under United States law since the Cable Communications Act of 1984 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| third report and order on CATV |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Family Viewing Hour
A case of self-regulation, but threat of outside regulation
In 1974, FCC Chairman Richard Wiley met with execs from all 3 networks
January 1975 “Family Viewing Hour” instituted by NAB
It was sex and violence—but also the “realism,”
Hardest hit were CBS’s adult comedies, forced out of their advantageous time slots.
ABC lobbyists fought to include AITF and MASH in the definition of non-family shows—to damage CBS’ clear ratings advantage
Norman Lear fights it in court
Courts overturn “rule,” remains a programming principle |
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Term
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Definition
| prime time access rule,instituted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1970 to restrict the amount of network programming that local television stations owned by or affiliated with a network may air during "prime time". It was repealed in 1996. |
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Term
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Definition
| Financial Interest and Syndication Rules, widely known as fin-syn rules, were a set of rules imposed by the Federal Communications Commission of the U.S. in 1970. The FCC sought to prevent the Big Three television networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by preventing them from owning any of the programming they aired in primetime[1]. The rules also prohibited networks from airing syndicated programming they had a financial stake in. The rules changed the power relationships between networks and television producers, who often had to agree to exorbitant profit participation in order to have their shows aired. Some argue the rules brought about a golden era of independent television production by companies like MTM Enterprises (The Mary Tyler Moore Show) and Norman Lear's Tandem Productions (All in the Family)[2] |
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Term
| rube shucking and CBS' movies |
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Definition
CBS's top-rated "country" schedule:
Dominated by long-running shows like The Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, The Red Skelton Show, and Hee Haw.
Enormously popular→CBS No. 1
In 1970 CBS overhauls schedule
Cancel rural shows
Replace with new types of situation comedy
Rural sitcoms underperformed in urban markets
CBS’s poor performance in big city markets was a problem for two main reasons.
O & Os: 70% of CBS’s income
Demographics & Ratings |
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Term
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Definition
Increased African-American Representations
March on Washington in 1963 and MLK’s "I Have a Dream" speech a bona fide TV event
Network reporting on segregationist violence
But few fictional representations
Then I Spy (NBC: 1965-6)
Dramas begin to feature African-Americans as part of teams, e.g. Star Trek, Mission Impossible, Mod Squad
African-American woman as a main character since Beulah (1953)
Situation comedy: the foundation genre of syndication and most intimately tied to domesticity
Realism: in contrast to spy shows or science fiction |
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