Term
| In the generation of heart sounds, what occurs first? |
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Definition
| electrical activation of the heart |
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Term
| In the generation of heat sounds, what comes second? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does S1 differ from S2 in what you will hear? |
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Definition
| louder, longer, lower pitched |
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Term
Which of these will not cause increased S1 intensity?
A. fat dog
B. thin dog
C. tachycardia
D. fear
E. fever |
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Definition
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Term
| Obesity, pericardial & pleural effusions, masses in the thorax, bradycardia, & under-filled ventricals (tachyarrythmias) can cause __ |
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Definition
| decreased intensity in S1 |
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Term
| Splitting of heart souonds does not occur when in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| S2 splitting occurs in what two anmals at rest most commonly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anything that causes increased pressure in the lungs (i.e. pulmonary hypertension, atrial septal defect, etc) can cause ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| delayed closure of aortic valve |
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Term
| arrythmias and ___ can cause an absence in S2 |
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Definition
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Term
| S3 & S4 can be what in small animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can mean dialated ventricular chambers in a small animal if heard |
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Definition
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Term
| Can mean dilated atria in a small animal if heard |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of S3/S4 when they normally should not be heard. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protodiastolic gallop - S3 occurs when in dogs in cats |
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Definition
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Term
| Prsystolic gallop - S4 occurs with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in __ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F gallops do not wax and wane with respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| The critical Reynold's number |
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Definition
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Term
| Sound occurs __ and radiates with blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F anemia can cause a murmur |
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Definition
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Term
| If a murmur is heard in puppies must check for __ & __ |
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Definition
| low pcv & intestinal parasites |
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Term
| Fever and hypothyroidism are what kind of murmur since they are not a structual problem? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of pathologic murmurs |
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Definition
| stenosis, shunts, regurgitation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1-__ |
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Definition
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Term
| What grade of murmur has a palpable thrill? |
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Definition
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Term
| What grade of murmur is loud but has no palpable thrill? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the other valve areas or thoracic inlet where the murmur can be heard but not as well |
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Term
| Starts after S1 and ends before S2. Will increase with increased blood flow. |
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Definition
| Systolic murmurs - midsystolic |
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Term
| __ & pansystolic murmurs are due to flow of blood from a chamber whose pressure in systole is greater than in the recipient chamber or vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| __ systolic murmur starts with S1 and ends well before S2, decrescendo |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is not a cause of a systolic murmur as listed by Dr. Gompf?
A. leaky valves
B. fluid overload
C. Obstruction to flow
D. holes in the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Early diastolic murmurs (decrescendo) is normal in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| leaky valves & stiff valves are causes of wha kind of murmurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| True/False the loudness of the murmur doesn't give you the extent of the defect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| start with S1 and countinue without interruption through S2 & into diastole |
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Term
| Patent ductu arteriosis, arteriovenouos connectoin, arteriopulmonary windows, and disturbances flow in systemic or pulmonary arteries are all possible causes of __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Heard with congenital aortic stenosis, Tetralogy of Fallot |
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Definition
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Term
| Ejection sounds (an additional heart sound) is heard most often in __ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The cardiovascular system is responsible for maintaining:
A. normal systemis arterial blood pressures
B. Normal perfsion to the lungs & peripheral tissues
C. normal venous blood pressures
D.Normal systemis & pulmonary capillary pressures
E. all of the above
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Definition
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Term
| cardiac output and stroke volume determine __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiac output = __ x stroke volume |
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Definition
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Term
| the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| SV = end diastolic volume - ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood returning to the heart |
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Term
| afterload s inversley proportional to the __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Stroke volume is __ proportional to product contractility |
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Definition
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Term
| Preload is the force acting to strech the ventricular fibers at the end of diastole, which determines __ |
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Definition
| length of the sarcomeres at the end of diastole |
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Term
| Diastolic wall tension is determined by end diastolic ventricular pressure, chamber radious, & __ |
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Definition
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Term
| the force the heart must overcome to contract and eject blood |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ will increase preload and cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
| Stroke volume increases with increases in preload up to ___ (Frank-Starling effect) |
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Definition
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Term
| afterload isa result of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Increases in afterload will cause the heart to consume more __ & __
A. NADH & O2
B. ATP & lactic acid
C. ATP & O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterial blood pessure (ABP) |
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Definition
| is a product of blood flow & vascular resistance |
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Term
| What type of vasoconstriction can increase afterload, which will not be good for CO? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (force & velocity of sarcomere cntraction) the ability of the heart to do work & is a property of the myocardial cells. |
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Term
| increases in contractility will do what to stroke volume and CO? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (pliability of the ventricles) influence by ventricular wall thickness & caracteristics of the wall. The ability of the heart to relax and refill. |
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Term
| True/False The heart does not need energy to relax |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypertrophy & fibrosis will ___ |
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Definition
| decrease compliance and impede diastolic filling, thus reducing preload ( seend in DSH, Main Coone, & Ragdolls) |
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Term
| Can indirectly affect compliance by restricting the expansion of the heart during diastolic filling |
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Definition
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Term
| What will increase with HR up to a plateau? |
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Definition
| Cardiac output will increase |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system will increase or decrease heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the coordinated function of the atia & ventricles to optimize heart function |
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Term
| Atral fibrulation can decrease ventricular filling by __ |
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Definition
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