Term
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Definition
| The two measures that describe a pure tone |
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Definition
intensity
- perceived as loudness |
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Definition
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Definition
number of cycles per second of vibration; perceived as pitch
- measured in hertz (Hz - cycles/sec) |
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Term
1. fundamental frequency
2. harmonics |
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Definition
| 2 things a sound contains |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| multiples of that frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic sound quality of an instrument, related to the intensities of harmonics |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical process used to analyze sounds as the sum of sine waves |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of sound intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 parts of the external ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Function of the external ear |
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Term
| concentrates sound energies |
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Definition
| Function of the middle ear |
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Term
1. Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes |
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Definition
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Term
| connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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Definition
| function of the three ossicles |
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Term
1. Tensor tympani
2. Stapedius |
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Definition
| 2 muscles in the middle ear |
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Term
| vary the linkage of the ossicles; reduce sound's effect |
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Definition
| Function of the two middle ear muscles |
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Term
| convert sound into neural activity |
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Definition
| Function of the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| attached to the malleus and tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a spiral structure with a base and an apex |
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Term
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Definition
| Which membrane is the base of the cochlea closer to |
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Term
1. Scala Vestibuli (vestibular canal)
2. Scala Media (middle canal)
3. Scala Tympani (tympanic canal) |
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Definition
| three parallel canals of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane that separates the scala tympani from the middle ear |
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Term
1. Hair cells
2. Framework of supporting cells
3. Basilar membrane |
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Definition
| 3 main structures of the organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory cells in the organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
vibrates in response to sound
(narrow at base; wider at apex) |
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Term
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Definition
| What causes the basilar membrane to oscillate? |
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Term
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Definition
| Displaces narrow base of basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. Inner Hair Cells
2. Outer Hair Cells |
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Definition
| Two sets of sensory cells in the organ of Corti |
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Term
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Definition
| protrude from each hair cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane on top of the organ of Corti that the outer hair cells extend into |
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Term
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Definition
| thin fibers that run across each hair cell's stereocilia |
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Term
1. Vibration causes stereocilia to sway and tip links to tighten or relax
2. Swaying causes ion channels to open
3. The hair cell depolarizes and Ca2+ influx at the BASE of the cell causes neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
| How nerve signals are passed through the ear |
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Term
| mechanical responses of outer hair cells (OHCs) |
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Definition
| serve as cochlear amplifier |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds produced by the cochlea itself |
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Term
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Definition
graphs of auditory nerve fiber responses
- show that additional sharpening takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| cranial nerve VIII, contains auditory fibers from the cochlea |
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Term
| Ventral and Dorsal Cochlear Nuclei |
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Definition
| fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve travel to cells in the _______ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| send output to the medial geniculate nuclei; in the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| receive output from the inferior colliculi; in the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
auditory neurons in the inferior colliculus have this
- they are arranged in a map according to the frequencies they respond to |
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Term
| Minimal Discrimable Frequency Difference between 2 tones |
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Definition
| the ability to detect a change in frequency is measured as: |
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Term
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Definition
pitch is encoded in receptor location on the basilar membrane
- depends on which cell is stimulated in the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
firing rate of auditory neurons encodes the frequency of the auditory stimulus
- depends on how fast neurons that are stimulated fire |
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Term
1. Place Theory
2. Volley Theory
(parts of both are true) |
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Definition
| 2 theories of pitch discrimination |
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Term
1. Place Coding (Tonotopic Representation)
2. Temporal Pattern (Firing of Cells) |
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Definition
| 2 ways frequency properties of a sound are coded: |
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Term
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Definition
| very high frequencies (about 20,000 Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
| very low frequency (20 Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. Intensity Differences
2. Latency Differences |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| differences in loudness at the two ears |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of sounds |
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Term
1. Onset Disparity
2. Ongoing Phase Disparity |
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Definition
| 2 kinds of latency differences |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in hearing at the beginning of a sound |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous difference between ears in arrival of parts of a sound wave |
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Term
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Definition
| sound localization requires processing both intensity and latency differences |
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Term
latency differences (time of arrival)
- no intensity difference |
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Definition
| Which binaural cue works at very low frequencies? |
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Term
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Definition
| a map is formed as neurons respond maximally to sounds from a particular space |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of neurons form this in birds |
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Term
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Definition
| the main localization nucleus for sound, with two divisions |
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Term
1. Lateral Superior Olive
2. Medial Superior Olive |
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Definition
| 2 divisions of the superior olivary nucleus |
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Term
| Lateral Superior Olive (LSO) |
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Definition
| processes intensity differences |
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Term
| Medial Superior Olive (MSO) |
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Definition
| processes latency differences, but encodes sound by relative activity of the left and right sides |
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Term
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Definition
| states that external ear structure selectively reinforces some frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| can help persons deaf in one ear with localization |
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Term
1. Dorsal Stream
2. Ventral Stream |
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Definition
| 2 main streams the auditory cortex analyzes complex sounds in |
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Term
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Definition
| in parietal lobe, involved in spatial location (where) |
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