Term
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Definition
| what kind of system transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid of the cochlea |
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Term
1) it transmits a large amount of surface area to a smaller surface area, increasing the force
2) it transmits a wave in the air into a wave in fluid |
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Definition
| what does the lever system do to facilitate hearing? |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of the stapes causes fluid to move and vibrations in the _______ _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| what sits on top of the basilar membrane? |
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Term
perilymph: in the scala vetibuli and scala tympani
endolymph: scala media |
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Definition
| where are perilymph and endolymph found in the ear? |
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Term
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Definition
| this structure generates nerve impulses due to the vibration of the basilar membrane and fluid movement |
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Term
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Definition
| what helps control the excitation of a hair cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| what makes synapses with the cochlear nerve? |
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Term
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Definition
| these hair cells are free and fewer in number |
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Term
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Definition
| these hair cells are attached to the tectorial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| which hair cells move with endolymph movement? |
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Term
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Definition
| which hair cells move with vibration or movement of the basilar membrane? |
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Term
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Definition
| which hair cells have 95% of the nerve cells synapsing with them? |
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Term
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Definition
| which hair cells are responsible primarily for fine-tuning the sensitivity of the other hair cells? |
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Term
| toward the larges stereocilia |
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Definition
| bending of the hair cells toward what causes depolarization? |
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Term
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Definition
| bending of hair cells away from the largest stereocilia causes what? |
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Term
1)K+ channels are opened (K+ flows out) and
2)Ca+ channels open (Ca+ in)
3)the calcium allows the vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitter on the synapsed neuron |
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Definition
| what happens with calcium, potassium and glutamate when the hair cells depolarize? |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens when there is negative mechanical deformation of the hair cells (stereocilia move away from the kinocilium) |
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Term
1) hair cells release glutatmate in the
2) spiral(cochlear) ganglion where the hair cells synapse with the
3) cochlear n. (CN VIII) which goes to the
4) medulla
5) medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
6) auditory cortex |
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Definition
| describe the path through the CNS starting with the cochlear nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| what anatomical structure is really big in bats? |
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Term
1)the hearing special sense
2) motor neurons(from the brain stem) go to the sensory cells of the ear and may change the length and stiffness of hair cells to control sensitivity |
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Definition
| describe the components of the bi-directional signaling that occurs in the ear |
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Term
| low frequency resonate at the apex (further from the oval window) |
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Definition
| which sound waves travel farther through the cochlea(along the basilar membrane) to be sensed? high frequency or low frequency? |
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Term
| because of different sizes and diameters of fibers composing the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| why do sound waves resonate at different distances along the basilar membrane? |
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Term
| basal (not apex) where the high frequency sounds resonate |
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Definition
| the ___ end of the basilar membrane is narrower and about 100-fold stiffer |
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Term
| fiber of the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| each ____ has an organ of corti on top of it |
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Term
| discrimination of frequency by location along the cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
| sound frequency is discriminated by where the nerves from the organs of corti are stimulated along the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| how is sound frequency discriminated? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the typical range of frequency of hearing? |
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Term
| loudness: fore example a dog whistle is normally not heard but if it is loud enough (20-22 kHz) it can be heard. A blue whale on the other hand is heard at only 10-40 Hz |
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Definition
| what does range of frequency you can hear depend on? |
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Term
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Definition
| what increases in the sound wave as a sound is louder (causing more vibrations)? |
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Term
| more hair cells become stimulated and more neurons are recruited |
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Definition
| as a sound is louder there are more vibrations, what does this mean for hair cells stimulated and neuronss recruited? |
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Term
| they limit exposure to loud sounds to no more than 85 decibels for 8 hours a day |
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Definition
| what is the government safety limit of loud sounds to prevent hearing loss? |
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Term
| as you damage hair cells, they don't grow back, so you need a louder sound to get a greater amplitude of the wave to get the same neuron recruitment, hearing aids increase the volume to stimulate the same neuron recruitment |
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Definition
| why do you get hearing loss (how does a hearing aid work)? |
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Term
| impairment of the cochlea, auditory nerve, or nerves to the CNS usually causing loss of function of hair cells |
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Definition
| what causes nerve deafness? |
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Term
| cochlear implant, but only if there is a a problem with the hair cells themselves, cochlear implants bypass the hair cells |
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Definition
| how can nerve deafness be treated? |
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Term
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Definition
| what sounds don't work with cochlear implants? |
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Term
| impairment of the tympanic membrane or ossicles (like via ossificaiton) |
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Definition
| what is/causes conduction deafness? |
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Term
since sound can still travel through the ossified bones, you just need to amplify the signal via a hearing aid
-the signal needs amplified since your ear isn't amplifying as well as it would by hitting the stapes |
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Definition
| how do you treat conductive hearing loss? |
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Term
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Definition
| what tells you your head orientation when lying down? |
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Term
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Definition
| what tells you our head orientation when upright? |
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Term
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Definition
| what anatomical structure tells you about rotation in 3 planes? |
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Term
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Definition
| what detects linear acceleration and position? |
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Term
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Definition
| hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous layer which is covered with what kind of crystals on the top of hair cells? |
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Term
| otoliths bend hair cells due to inertia and the sensory neurons that synapse lead to the vestibular nerve |
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Definition
| when hair cells bend they hyperpolarize or depolarize, but when you accelerate, what happens? |
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Term
| semicircular canals (in the planes of yaw, pitch, and roll) |
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Definition
| what detects angular acceleration and head rotations? |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of fluid is contained in the ampula? |
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Term
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Definition
| where do hair cells project into the cupula? |
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Term
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Definition
| when rotating the head ___ causes the fluid to stay stationary while the canal moves and hair cells thus bend |
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Term
| they move opposite the direction the canals move |
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Definition
| what direction does endolymph/hair cells move relative to the canal? |
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Term
when you spin like in a chair, the endolymph overcomes the inertia telling it to stay stationary, so it begins to spin WITH the canal
when you stop spinning, the endolymph keeps bending the hair cells and that contradicts how the proprioceptors normally work and you barf. |
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Definition
| why do you get dizzy from spinning? |
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Term
1) the canal moves and the endolymph doesn't because of inertia
2) endolymph starts moving with the canal
3) endolymph keeps moving, canal has stopped
4) endolymph stops due to friction |
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Definition
| describe the response of a hair cell when a semicircular canal is stimulated by head rotation then by stopping rotation? |
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Term
| cerebellum, brain stem, and occulomotor areas |
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Definition
| where does the vestibular nerve make connections? |
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Term
| don't know why, but there is a tonic level of discharge |
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Definition
| before you begin to rotate your head, is there a reason for there to be nerve impulses? |
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Term
| it has connections to the cerebellum that stimulates anti-gravity muscles and eye movements |
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Definition
| the vestibular apparatus maintains balance, how? |
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Term
| this is called nystagmus, your eyes move fast the same direaction as your head and the endolymph moves the opposite direction |
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Definition
| as your body tries to catch up with the endolymph movement, which way do your eyes move relative to your head motion and the endolymph |
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