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Hearing/ Central Auditory Mechanisms
Wacker 6/24/11 lecture 1.5 hrs
55
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Term
lever system
Definition
what kind of system transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the fluid of the cochlea
Term
1) it transmits a large amount of surface area to a smaller surface area, increasing the force
2) it transmits a wave in the air into a wave in fluid
Definition
what does the lever system do to facilitate hearing?
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
movement of the stapes causes fluid to move and vibrations in the _______ _______
Term
the organ of Corti
Definition
what sits on top of the basilar membrane?
Term
perilymph: in the scala vetibuli and scala tympani

endolymph: scala media
Definition
where are perilymph and endolymph found in the ear?
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
this structure generates nerve impulses due to the vibration of the basilar membrane and fluid movement
Term
cilia
Definition
what helps control the excitation of a hair cell?
Term
hair cells
Definition
what makes synapses with the cochlear nerve?
Term
inner hair cells
Definition
these hair cells are free and fewer in number
Term
outer hair cells
Definition
these hair cells are attached to the tectorial membrane
Term
inner hair cells
Definition
which hair cells move with endolymph movement?
Term
outer hair cells
Definition
which hair cells move with vibration or movement of the basilar membrane?
Term
inner hair cells
Definition
which hair cells have 95% of the nerve cells synapsing with them?
Term
outer hair cells
Definition
which hair cells are responsible primarily for fine-tuning the sensitivity of the other hair cells?
Term
toward the larges stereocilia
Definition
bending of the hair cells toward what causes depolarization?
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
bending of hair cells away from the largest stereocilia causes what?
Term
1)K+ channels are opened (K+ flows out) and
2)Ca+ channels open (Ca+ in)
3)the calcium allows the vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitter on the synapsed neuron
Definition
what happens with calcium, potassium and glutamate when the hair cells depolarize?
Term
K+ channels close
Definition
what happens when there is negative mechanical deformation of the hair cells (stereocilia move away from the kinocilium)
Term
1) hair cells release glutatmate in the
2) spiral(cochlear) ganglion where the hair cells synapse with the
3) cochlear n. (CN VIII) which goes to the
4) medulla
5) medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
6) auditory cortex
Definition
describe the path through the CNS starting with the cochlear nerve
Term
the auditory cortex
Definition
what anatomical structure is really big in bats?
Term
1)the hearing special sense
2) motor neurons(from the brain stem) go to the sensory cells of the ear and may change the length and stiffness of hair cells to control sensitivity
Definition
describe the components of the bi-directional signaling that occurs in the ear
Term
low frequency resonate at the apex (further from the oval window)
Definition
which sound waves travel farther through the cochlea(along the basilar membrane) to be sensed? high frequency or low frequency?
Term
because of different sizes and diameters of fibers composing the basilar membrane
Definition
why do sound waves resonate at different distances along the basilar membrane?
Term
basal (not apex) where the high frequency sounds resonate
Definition
the ___ end of the basilar membrane is narrower and about 100-fold stiffer
Term
fiber of the basilar membrane
Definition
each ____ has an organ of corti on top of it
Term
discrimination of frequency by location along the cochlea
Definition
what is place coding?
Term
sound frequency is discriminated by where the nerves from the organs of corti are stimulated along the basilar membrane
Definition
how is sound frequency discriminated?
Term
20-20,000 Hz
Definition
what is the typical range of frequency of hearing?
Term
loudness: fore example a dog whistle is normally not heard but if it is loud enough (20-22 kHz) it can be heard. A blue whale on the other hand is heard at only 10-40 Hz
Definition
what does range of frequency you can hear depend on?
Term
amplitude of the wave
Definition
what increases in the sound wave as a sound is louder (causing more vibrations)?
Term
more hair cells become stimulated and more neurons are recruited
Definition
as a sound is louder there are more vibrations, what does this mean for hair cells stimulated and neuronss recruited?
Term
they limit exposure to loud sounds to no more than 85 decibels for 8 hours a day
Definition
what is the government safety limit of loud sounds to prevent hearing loss?
Term
as you damage hair cells, they don't grow back, so you need a louder sound to get a greater amplitude of the wave to get the same neuron recruitment, hearing aids increase the volume to stimulate the same neuron recruitment
Definition
why do you get hearing loss (how does a hearing aid work)?
Term
impairment of the cochlea, auditory nerve, or nerves to the CNS usually causing loss of function of hair cells
Definition
what causes nerve deafness?
Term
cochlear implant, but only if there is a a problem with the hair cells themselves, cochlear implants bypass the hair cells
Definition
how can nerve deafness be treated?
Term
music
Definition
what sounds don't work with cochlear implants?
Term
impairment of the tympanic membrane or ossicles (like via ossificaiton)
Definition
what is/causes conduction deafness?
Term
since sound can still travel through the ossified bones, you just need to amplify the signal via a hearing aid

-the signal needs amplified since your ear isn't amplifying as well as it would by hitting the stapes
Definition
how do you treat conductive hearing loss?
Term
the saccules
Definition
what tells you your head orientation when lying down?
Term
the utricle
Definition
what tells you our head orientation when upright?
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
what anatomical structure tells you about rotation in 3 planes?
Term
the saccule and utricle
Definition
what detects linear acceleration and position?
Term
calcium carbonate
Definition
hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous layer which is covered with what kind of crystals on the top of hair cells?
Term
otoliths bend hair cells due to inertia and the sensory neurons that synapse lead to the vestibular nerve
Definition
when hair cells bend they hyperpolarize or depolarize, but when you accelerate, what happens?
Term
semicircular canals (in the planes of yaw, pitch, and roll)
Definition
what detects angular acceleration and head rotations?
Term
endolymph
Definition
what type of fluid is contained in the ampula?
Term
the ampula
Definition
where do hair cells project into the cupula?
Term
INERTIA (again)
Definition
when rotating the head ___ causes the fluid to stay stationary while the canal moves and hair cells thus bend
Term
they move opposite the direction the canals move
Definition
what direction does endolymph/hair cells move relative to the canal?
Term
when you spin like in a chair, the endolymph overcomes the inertia telling it to stay stationary, so it begins to spin WITH the canal

when you stop spinning, the endolymph keeps bending the hair cells and that contradicts how the proprioceptors normally work and you barf.
Definition
why do you get dizzy from spinning?
Term
1) the canal moves and the endolymph doesn't because of inertia
2) endolymph starts moving with the canal
3) endolymph keeps moving, canal has stopped
4) endolymph stops due to friction
Definition
describe the response of a hair cell when a semicircular canal is stimulated by head rotation then by stopping rotation?
Term
cerebellum, brain stem, and occulomotor areas
Definition
where does the vestibular nerve make connections?
Term
don't know why, but there is a tonic level of discharge
Definition
before you begin to rotate your head, is there a reason for there to be nerve impulses?
Term
it has connections to the cerebellum that stimulates anti-gravity muscles and eye movements
Definition
the vestibular apparatus maintains balance, how?
Term
this is called nystagmus, your eyes move fast the same direaction as your head and the endolymph moves the opposite direction
Definition
as your body tries to catch up with the endolymph movement, which way do your eyes move relative to your head motion and the endolymph
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