Term
-As many as __ in 1000 babies are born with congenital bilateral SNHL
-__ in 1000 infants have significant permanent SNHL in at
least one ear
-Combined with transient CHL, up to ___ in 1000 have some
degree of hearing disorder
-__-__% fail screenings by school age |
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Definition
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Term
-___ Hearing Disorders involve outer and/or middle ear structures
-___ Hearing Disorders result from problems with the auditory nervous system
-___ Hearing Disorders result from problems in the cochlea |
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Definition
| Conductive; Neural; Sensory |
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Term
Conductive HL:
-A pathologic condition that affects the physical mass of the outer and middle ear mechanism will reduce sensitivity to ___ frequency sound; one that affects the stiffness will reduce sensitivity to ___ frequency sound. Therefore, a pathologic condition can reduce attenuation ___ the frequency range of hearing |
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Definition
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Term
| Absence of an opening of the ear of external auditory meatus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
-Bony atresia is the absence of the ear canal caused by a wall of ___ separating the ___ ear from the ___ ear
-Membranous atresia is the absence of a canal caused by a dense ___ ___ plug obstructing the canal |
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Definition
| bone; external; middle; soft tissue |
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Term
| Atresia is usually unilateral in __-__% of cases |
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Definition
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Term
| An abnormally small or malformed ear |
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Definition
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Term
| Although microtia does not necessarily cause hearing disorder, it is often associated with abnormalities of the ear canal like ___. Again, stenosis does not necessarily create a hearing loss however, it can cause additional complications such as excessive ___ and even ___ formation |
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Definition
| stenosis; cerumen; cholesteatoma |
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Term
| Fixation, deformity and disarticulation of the bones, especially the incus and stapes. In congenital stapes fixation, the stapes footplate is fixed into the bony wall of the cochlea at the oval window |
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Definition
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Term
| Lack of oval window development |
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Definition
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Term
| A cyst that is present in the middle ear space without any evidence of factors such as otitis media |
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Definition
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Term
| Congenital outer and middle ear anomalies are often a result of ___ causes. Often, prenatal outer and middle ear anomalies may occur with other ___ anomalies and or ___ hearing loss. |
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Definition
| genetic; craniofacial; sensorineural |
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Term
| What are some common syndromes associated with prenatal outer and middle ear anomalies? |
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Definition
| Treacher-Collins syndrome, branchio-oculo-facial (BOF) syndrome, down syndrome, oculoaurivularvertebral dysplasia (Goldenhar) syndrome, and CHARGE syndrome |
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Term
| General term to describe inflammation of the middle ear mucous membrane and tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| otitis media with effusion |
|
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Term
| Otitis media with effusion is the ___ ___ diagnosis in patients who make office visits to physicians in the United States. Estimates are that __-__% of all children have one episode of OM by 6 years of age. The prevalence is highest during the first ___ years and declines with age |
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Definition
| most common; 76 to 95; two |
|
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Term
| What are some risk factors of otitis media with effusion? |
|
Definition
Risk factors include young age, Native American heritage,
anatomic defects, exposure to cigarette smoke, male sex, crowded living conditions, poor sanitation, inadequate medical care, eating in prone position, obesity and day care |
|
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Term
| What are some complications that can occur with otitis media with effusion? |
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Definition
1. The TM can become perforated as a result of OME because of increased pressure from fluid in the middle ear space
2. Drainage from perforation may cause a secondary infection of the external auditory canal |
|
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Term
-A ___ frequency conductive hearing loss can occur when the
ear canal is 80 to 95% occluded
-A ___ frequency conductive hearing loss occurs with total
occlusion of the ear canal |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal |
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Definition
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Term
Otitis Externa:
-Rarely causes hearing loss except in cases where it causes ___ of the external auditory meatus
-Acute diffuse otitis externa, swimmers ear, is a ___
infection that causes ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
| stenosis; bacterial; itching, tenderness and pain |
|
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Term
| Caused by a failure in the cochlear transduction of sounds from the mechanical vibrations of the middle ear to the neural impulses of the 8th nerve |
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Definition
| Sensory hearing disorders |
|
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Term
| What are some acquired prenatal disorders that can cause sensory disorders? |
|
Definition
| Inner ear anomalies, CMV, syphilis, rubella, toxoplasmosis |
|
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Term
| What are some acquired perinatal and postnatal disorders that can cause sensory hearing disorder? |
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Definition
| PPHN/ECMO, meningitis, autoimmune inner-ear disease, mumps and measles, and ototoxicity |
|
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Term
-Inner ear malformations occur when development of the
___ and/or ___ ___ is arrested during fetal development
-Although many in many cases arrest of development is ___, some cases are the result of ___ influences during pregnancy including viral infections and fetal radiation exposure. |
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Definition
| membranous and/or bony labyrinth; genetic; teratogenic |
|
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Term
| Member of herpesvirus family; Most common fetal virus illness |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some symptoms of CMV? |
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Definition
| sensorineural hearing loss, microcephaly, petechiae (small purple spots on a body surface), intrauterine growth retardation, enlargement of the liver and spleen and inflammation of the choroid and retina (chorioretinitis). |
|
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Term
CMV:
Threshold fluctuations are common, more than ___% of cases
and hearing loss is often progressive |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial infection that is transmitted from mother to fetus in
utero of through contact with a genital lesion during delivery |
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Definition
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Term
Early congenital syphilis, occurring within the first two years of
life, severity can range from severe ___ ___ involvement to ___ symptoms. Hearing loss can involve ___ or ___ components |
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Definition
| multi organ; minor; neural; conductive |
|
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Term
Occurs when infected mother transmits the rubella virus to the
fetus |
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Definition
|
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Term
-Expression of symptoms of maternal rubella infection, called
___ ___ syndrome or ___ syndrome, include a
wide variety of defects, usually affecting hearing, vision, and
heart function and involving ___ ___ and ___.
-Hearing loss is the most common symptom occurring in ___%
of infected children. Hearing loss ranges from unilateral mild
loss to bilateral profound loss, ___ ___ losses are most
common. |
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Definition
| congenital rubella; Gregg; mental retardation; microcephaly; 80; severe bilateral |
|
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Term
| Infection causes by a parasite. The parasite can be transmitted to humans by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked infected meat or foods that have come in contact with infected meat, ingestion of parasites that cats have passed in their feces or transplacental transmission of the infection from a women to her fetus. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Toxoplasmosis:
-Despite increasing probability of infection with pregnancy progression, consequences are more severe when fetal infection occurs in the ___ stages of pregnancy.
-Although most newborns (70 to 90%) infected with toxoplasmosis are asymptomatic at birth, up to ___% will develop symptoms later in life
-Auditory disorder can occur from ___ and ___ inflammation and involvement of the auditory ___. The resulting disorder is a sensory or neural hearing loss that may range from mild unilateral loss to bilateral profound loss |
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Definition
| early; 80; mastoid; cochlear; brainstem |
|
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Term
Also known as persistent fetal circulation is a condition in
which the infant’s blood flow bypasses the lungs, thereby eliminating oxygen supply to the organs of the body |
|
Definition
| Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) |
|
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Term
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN):
-___ hearing loss is a common complication (32-37%
of surviving children) ranging from high frequency unilateral loss to severe to profound bilateral loss and is ___ in many cases
-Many ___ survive |
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Definition
| Sensorineural; progressive; don't |
|
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Term
Inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and
spinal cord |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind meningitis affects hearing the most? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some common signs of bacterial meningitis? |
|
Definition
| fever, seizures, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Vestibular function can be compromised as well |
|
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Term
| What complication can we see with meningitis? |
|
Definition
Cochlear osteogeneogensis or bony growth in the cochlea, may
occur following meningitis, complicating possible cochlear implantation |
|
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Term
| Syndrome of potentially, reversible, bilateral, rapidly progressive and often fluctuation sensory hearing loss that may be associated with vestibular symptoms mimicking Meniere’s disease |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED) |
|
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Term
AIED:
-Symptoms are thought to be consequences of ___ mediated inflammation in the inner ear
-The disorder may be ___ to the ear or may occur as a
systematic immune mediated inflammatory disorder such as
___ ___
-AIED is associated with sensory hearing loss that is generally ___, asymmetric and rapidly ___. Generally responsive to immunosuppressive drugs such as ___ |
|
Definition
| immune; specific; rheumatoid arthritis; bilateral; progressive; steroids |
|
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Term
| -Historically ___ was the most common cause associated with unilateral acquired sensorineural hearing loss, profound and sudden in nature. ___ ___ is also a common manifestation of mumps |
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Definition
| mumps; Endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere’s disease) |
|
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Term
-Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that causes symptoms of ___, found, ___, conjunctivitis, photophobia and ___ spots (white spots on membranous surfaces of the mouth)
-Sensory hearing loss from measles is typically severe, ___ and ___
-Conductive hearing loss from ___ ___ is also common
complication of measles, which may be due to immunosuppression following viral infection |
|
Definition
| rash; fever; Koplik; permanent; bilateralotitis media |
|
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Term
Retrocochlear Disorders:
-Caused by an active measureable ___ process such as a neoplasm or from ___ caused by trauma or stroke
-Results from structural ___ of the nervous system
-Relatively ___ in children; shows same general patterns as those found in adults |
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Definition
| disease; damage; lesions; rare |
|
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Term
| Impairment due to developmental disorder or delay |
|
Definition
| Auditory Processing Disorder |
|
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Term
APD:
-Results from ___ ___ of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common symptoms of neural hearing disorders? |
|
Definition
-Difficulty extracting a target signal from a background noise
-Difficulty localizing a sound source, especially when background noise is present
-Behaviors are often described as “distracted” and “inattentive” |
|
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Term
-In older children, AN is defined by an ___ ABR, ___ speech perception, ___ levels of hearing sensitivity loss, ___ acoustic reflexes, & ___ of some cochlear function as evidenced by OAEs and/or cochlear microphonics
-In infants, AN is defined by ___ ABR & ___ OAEs and/or cochlear microphonics |
|
Definition
| absent; poor; varying; absent; preservation; absent; preserved |
|
|
Term
Neoplasms:
-tumors in posterior fossa in kids are most likely to be ___
tumors such as gliomas & medulloblastomas
-Benign ___ ___ tumors impinge on CN VIII. |
|
Definition
| intrinsic; cerebellopontine angle |
|
|
Term
Neoplasms:
-Most common form of acoustic tumor in children is associated with _________________
-Hearing loss with NF2 is not particularly different than unilateral type of schwannoma, except that it is ___ and often progresses more ___ |
|
Definition
| neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2); bilateral; rapidly |
|
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Term
most often a neuro-maturational delay of auditory system
as measured by ABR; often due to enlarged ventricles and not associated with permanent changes in auditory function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deficient oxygen in the body; "blue baby" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoxia can result in progressive ____ hearing loss and disordered diffuse auditory ___ function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess bilirubin in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hyperbilirubinemia:
-Assoc. with ___ ___
-can produce a spectrum of problems from ___ auditory dysfunction to ___ sensory hearing loss
-often ___ frequency bilateral symmetric loss with ___. May also have dysfunction of ___ ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
| auditory neuropathy; transient; permanent; high; recruitment; auditory nerve; brainstem |
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