Term
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Definition
| Main location for metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-the person who is credited with establishing Yosemite as a national park
-known for his environmental efforts in park and forest preservation |
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Term
| death rate falls before birth rate |
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Definition
| demographic transition that leads to population growth |
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Term
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Definition
-recommended removing the handle of the water pump on Broad St in London in the 19th century
-considered the father of epidemiology |
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Term
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Definition
-has decay products (polonium-218, polonium-214) that give off alpha particles that can damage DNA and cause lung cancer
-most Americans become exposed to it from gas seeping up from the soil into their homes |
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Term
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Definition
| at birth, is greater for women in the US than for men |
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Term
| Hazard and Risk Relationship |
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Definition
| Risk is equal to the hazard of a chemical multiplied by the exposure of that chemical. If there is a hazard but no exposure, then there is no risk. If there is an exposure but no hazard, then there is also no risk |
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Term
| Population x Affluence x Technology = environmental effects |
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Definition
population growth, affluence, and large technical advancements are causing environmental effects, especially when multiplied together
ex: deforestation |
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Term
| Steps in a chemical risk assessment |
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Definition
1. hazard identification
2. dose-response assessment
3. exposure assessment
3. risk characterization |
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Term
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Definition
-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
-contaminants are discharged through the kidney, lungs, feces, and body liquids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and breast milk |
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Term
| Basement precautions to keep safe indoor air |
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Definition
-have special tiles built underneath to prevent radon from seeping in through the soil
-keep humidity of the home below 50% to prevent microbial growth, also monitor water damages
-have your home checked for radon emission (should be below 4 pCi/L)
-limit furnace use to prevent NOx, CO, SO2, and other pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
-considered the mother of occupational and community health
-known for with with shoe-leather epidemiology
-focused attention of health and safety problems in variety of industries |
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Term
| 40 degrees F - 140 degrees F |
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Definition
| the danger zone of internal food temperatures when microbes can thrive |
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Term
| Polybrominated chemicals (PBDEs) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-ex: pesticide
-used to be emitted into the air and human bodies from spraying it as a pesticide/insecticide onto fields
-kept away mosquitos |
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Term
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Definition
-ex: window and joint caulking
-high levels can be found in superfund sites contaminated by old transformers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-emitted through paint on the walls of homes to disperse into the air and reach human bodies
-used to be emitted through gas emissions in cars
-blood levels with this have decreased in US children over the last years
-Beethoven may have been poisoned with medicines or food containing this |
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Term
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Definition
-emitted into the air through factory smokestacks and power plants
-most dangerous in organic form
-least dangerous in elemental form
-mad hatter is associated with this |
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Term
| causes for high levels on nitrates in water |
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Definition
| -runoff from CAFOs manure, crop farming using fertilizer, and septic waste system |
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Term
| drinking water & food pathogen protection |
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Definition
-the government protects the population through the clean drinking water act and the FDA to approve food and monitor sanitation before it is distributed
-individuals can protect themselves by knowing where their drinking water comes from and properly storing all foods, taking note of shelf life and danger zones |
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Term
| Process that leads to hypoxia |
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Definition
-means severe breakdown of a body of water
-run off of nutrients nitrogen and phosphorous in fertilizer makes its way to rivers and other bodies of water to stimulate surface water plant growth. When these plants die they increase the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the water causing this severe breakdown of oxygen.
-High levels of BOD cause this breakdown in the water making it unsustainable to aquatic life |
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Term
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Definition
-fresh water for drinking and other human use comes mostly from ice caps, then groundwater, then lakes and rivers
-biggest water indoor usage is from toilet flushing
-smallest indoor usage is from drinking and cooking |
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Term
| Secondary Waste treatment processes |
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Definition
-in a waste water treatment facility
-applied for the removal/treatment of organic compounds
-uses biodegration of dissolved organic material
-major types: landfill stabilization and landfill mining |
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Term
| Current farming practices |
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Definition
-responsible for 70% of the pollution in the nation's rivers and streams
-not just CAFOs |
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Term
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Definition
-20 ft or less
-source of drinking water with the largest amount of nitrates and pesticides from agriculture |
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Term
| European animal agriculture |
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Definition
-stronger than the US in pesticide/anti-biotic use, most if not all farms are organic
-stronger than the US in chicken caging, banned the use of mass battery cages a few years ago |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by pathogens in food
-bacteria through salmonella, viruses through norovirus, parasites through roundworms |
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Term
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Definition
| -length of time you can safely store left-over pizza in the refrigerator |
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Term
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Definition
-Airborne contamination through NOx or mercury from the rain
-non-point runoff from streets, roofs, and agriculture fields
-point discharge from pipes, ditches, and oil and waste spills from chips |
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Term
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Definition
| lost almost its entire water surface area over the course of 50 years |
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Term
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Definition
| primary conventional water pollutant the causes large fires in the water or on ships |
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Term
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Definition
| number one cause of agricultural occupational fatalities |
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Term
| bringing HHW to landfills |
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Definition
-expensive to dispose of this waste
-no fee is charged to a homeowner who does this in Johnson and Linn county
-if there was a fee people would dispose of this waste in regular trash cans which can be more expensive to deal with later and it is hazardous to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| -the dumping of hydrogen sulfide waste in the Ivory Coast by the Dutch firm Trafigura was a violation of this |
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Term
| Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) |
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Definition
-should not go into ordinary landfills
-ex: weed killer, fluorescent light bulbs, automotive parts and fluids, house cleaners, and aerosol cans |
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Term
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Definition
| leading type of fatal injury in the world |
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Term
| Pitch, Loudness, and Duration |
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Definition
| in order to adequately categorize noise exposure, we need to understand the frequency of the sound, the amplitude of the sound, and the length of time the sound was exposed |
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Term
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Definition
-users pay a fee on pop and beer and get the fee back when they return the container
-rates of aluminum recycled are higher with this than curb side recycling program |
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Term
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Definition
-each level represents outcomes of injury
top: fatalities (most severe)
2nd: hospital admissions
3rd: emergency room visits
4th: reported injuries
bottom: unreported injuries (least severe) |
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Term
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Definition
-experience this at high rates, especially falls, but not a leading cause of death like in most age groups
-fatalities by illness are much more prevalent because they have been exposed to chemical/physical factors for a longer time |
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Term
| Automobile death prevention |
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Definition
-wear seat belts for protection
-enforce speeding laws for less road rage and make drivers be cautious
-add road designs like guard rails for protection
-engineering prevention techniques (round abouts, warning signs, traffic signs)
-drinking and driving laws |
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Term
| Ways particles are deposited into lungs |
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Definition
| diffusion, impaction, sedimentation |
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Term
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Definition
-tractor deaths/injuries: roll overs (most prevalent), run overs, crashes with street cars. Use roll cages over the driver, have proper shields over dangerous areas, be aware of the tractor to reduce run overs and crashes
-skin cancer/melanoma: outside all day working in the hot sun, where proper sunscreen, large hats, cover the skin with clothes
-pesticide poisoning: wear masks to prevent inhalation, protective clothing to prevent skin harming |
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Term
|
Definition
-smooth muscles of the bronchial tubes constrict and reduce air flow
-inflammation or excess mucus secretion reduces airflow
-symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing
-NOT a non-reversible alteration of the structure of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| unintentional injury was the leading cause of death in the US in 2006 in these age groups |
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Term
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Definition
-engineering to eliminate a hazard is usually more effective than educating each worker about a hazard
protection:
-look at noise levels and average durations, provide ear protection if levels are high
-reposition equipment/working area to reduce awkward body positions, and force used during work
-look at chemicals exposed in the workplace and find ways to reduce them or provide workers with proper masks |
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Term
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Definition
-HIV/AIDS is rarely passed this way
-health workers should be concerned about contracting hepatitis B
-can be avoided by using the red biohazard boxes to dispose them in, covering open wounds/cuts when handling them, and never reusing them |
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Term
| Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) |
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Definition
-work-related cases of these represent about 30% of all non-fatal occupational injuries and illnesses
-higher rates in nursing aids than construction workers
-nursing aids have more risk factors on their muscles and bones from lifting people a lot which requires a lot of exerted force, awkward positioning, and some repetitive movement |
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Term
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Definition
-noise
-sun: UV rays and heat
-Radiation machines: xrays, microwaves, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-people who strive to fit the job to the worker
-occupational injuries will not be reduced by modifying the worker to fit the job |
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Term
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Definition
-Permissible exposure limits given by OSHA and Recommended exposure limits given by NIOSH
-both give the recommended duration that a person can withstand noise at any level of decibels, use equations to do so
-say that recommended is more realistic because it deals more with physics |
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Term
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Definition
| level of decibels expressed by normal human conversation |
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Term
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Definition
-type of hazard
-blood-borne illness from a contaminated needle stick in a hospital/health related job |
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Term
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Definition
-type of hazard
-contaminated air that causes lung disease (lead, asbestos, etc) from a painting or coal mining job |
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Term
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Definition
-REL
-two noise sources that each generate 88 decibels, but when put together they generate one noise at 91 decibels
-decibel change? |
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Term
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Definition
-helps companies because it allows small companies to be in a large insurance pool which lowers costs and because an injured worker is taken care of by the insurance company
-there can be no large law suits even if the company is negligent, workers are assured of this if they are injured on the job
-receive $400 of 2/3 of lost wages, whichever is lower |
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Term
| Advantages & disadvantages to system that allowed employee and employer suits |
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Definition
advantages:
-could get full compensation or more instead of a set amount
-employers would be more cautious of their requirements if they knew they could be sued
disadvantages:
-takes longer to sort out the issue
-could be sensationalized to a point where every employer was being sued |
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Term
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Definition
| non-reversible injury from chronic exposure to noise |
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Term
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Definition
-long, thing fibers which are heat resistant and commonly used in insulation materials and break pads
-when inhaled they can have many harmful effects such as mesothelioma |
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Term
| Forms of Energy that cause injuries |
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Definition
-mechanical, kinetic, solar
-transfer of these can exceed human thresholds of physiological tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| removes foreign particles from the alveoli |
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Term
| Work illness diagnosis problems |
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Definition
-not as clear when it happens like injuries are
-sometimes not detected soon enough (symptoms don't appear right away like injuries) to relate it directly to the occupation, so it could be caused by a number of risk factors outside of the occupation
-could result in an incorrect diagnosis or a loss in workers compensation |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) |
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Definition
-result from exposure to traumatic experiences of real or perceived threats to the physical integrity of oneself or others.
-three clusters of symptoms used to diagnose: re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance of stimuli, increased arousal |
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Term
| Highway incidents (crashes) |
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Definition
-most common cause of death on the job
-ex: delivery jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of the lung where gas exchanges take place across single-cell layer lung tissue and blood capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
-something that humans use and benefit from that only nature can provide and it most times hard to replace by engineering
ex: urban trees- give us shade and cooling and helps with air pollution from the stomata in the leaves. also helps control runoff of storm water |
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Term
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Definition
| approximately 310 million |
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Term
| Ambient ground level ozone |
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Definition
| -to form it needs sunlight to cause VOCs and NOx to react with atmospheric oxygen |
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Term
| US criteria air pollutants |
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Definition
-lead (has decreased the most)
-ozone
-nitrogen oxides (NOx)
-sulfur dioxide (SO2) (reduced the least)
-carbon monoxide
-particulate matter |
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Term
| level of education of women |
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Definition
| single most important variable that explains population growth in a country |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates the amount of waste the Iowa City treatment plant can put into the Iowa River |
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Term
| Reasons kids are more subject to preventable diseases than adults |
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Definition
-children have a less developed immune system and detoxify toxicants more slowly
-children have smaller body masses so a small dose can effect them
-children breath more rapidly so they take in more toxicants in the air faster |
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Term
| Difference between destruction of Easter Island and abandonment of Norse settlement of Greenland |
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Definition
-both people eroded their resource base, especially trees
-ice drift affected trade in Greenland
-people of easter island practiced cannibalism
-vikings in norse killed people or made them leave
-easter island had no trees to make canoes |
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Term
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Definition
| not a criteria pollutant but it is another dangerous substance regularly discharged by coal fired electric plants |
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Term
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Definition
| in this kind of study investigators begin with 2 populations, one with a disease |
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Term
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Definition
-new chemical risk to humans
-plastic in water bottles, some are free of this and some are not so it is bad to reuse them |
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Term
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Definition
| most important in controlling mold in the home |
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Term
| Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, & particulates |
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Definition
| indoor air pollutants that are associated with combustion in the home (furnaces and stoves) |
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Term
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Definition
-population growth
-driving a car everyday (gas emissions)
-using cosmetics and antibiotics that was down the shower/sink/toilet |
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Term
| Examples of Pollution Prevention / P2 |
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Definition
| low fuel economy cars, products with less packaging, practicing water conservation |
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Term
| Shared waste products with Asnaes coal fired electric power plant |
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Definition
-heat with town of Kaulundborg
-gypsum with Gyproc wallboard company
-steam with Novo Nordisk company
-fly ash and clinker with roads and cement |
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Term
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Definition
-metals are one form of these
-arsenic, cadmium, and lead are problems to humans
-arsenic thru nature (soil, H20, air), mining, coal combustion
-cadmium thru coal burning and a byproduct of Zn, Cu, and Pb
-lead thru house paint |
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Term
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Definition
-POPs and DDT were killing many birds and stopping reproduction so there was no birds chirping in the spring
-rachel carson's book |
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Term
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Definition
-persistent: does not readily degrade may last for years or decades
-bioaccumulation: takes in faster than it can excrete
-often times biomagnification: level becomes higher as it moves up the food chain
-toxic: damages the central nervous system, endocrine system, reproduction and others |
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Term
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Definition
-eliminated or severely restricted several organic contaminates
-ex: "the dirty dozen" aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, toxaphene, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, PCBs, dioxins, dibenzofurans |
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Term
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Definition
-metal
-produced in nature (soil, H2O, air), mining, coal combustion
-in bangladesh it became a risk to people because contaminated surface water was replaced with wells by public health officials |
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Term
| Exercise program by first lady Obama |
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Definition
| new policy to combat the increase of over weight American kids |
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Term
| Soil venting/vapor extraction (SVE) |
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Definition
| an effective measure of treating volitile (semi-soluble compounds) |
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Term
| Protozoa (cryptosporidium) |
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Definition
-agent that caused the largest number of illnesses in the US because of contaminated drinking water
-happened in Milwaukee in the 1990s |
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Term
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Definition
| -best source of drinking water if worried about nitrate and pesticide contamination |
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Term
| over weight/obese population |
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Definition
| makes up about 70% of US adults |
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Term
| effects of endotoxin on the lungs |
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Definition
| both Kelly Donham and Peter Thorne lectured on this hazard |
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Term
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Definition
| is the second best on the waste management hierarchy |
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Term
| confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) |
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Definition
-iowa legislature prevented counties from imposing stronger regulations on these
-was not able to prevent citizens from suing these under a nuisance action if smell or other issues affected the neighborhood |
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Term
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Definition
| US environmental law designed to address problems that arose from transporting newly produced hazardous waste and dumping it improperly |
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Term
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Definition
-business of bioremediation of contaminated sites
-treats waste by planting fast growing trees with root systems that take up waste |
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Term
| Males over 65 years and under 19 years |
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Definition
| largest risk groups for fatalities on farms |
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Term
| federal insecticide fungicide and rodentcide act (FIFRA) |
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Definition
| regulates active ingredients in pesticides, not the inactive ingredients |
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Term
| environmental justice executive board |
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Definition
| says that all americans have a right to be protected from pollution not just those who can afford to live in the cleanest, safest communities |
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Term
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Definition
-sometimes a fast way to clean up spills
-might include adding oxygen to the process because oxygen will react with hydrogen to form water |
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Term
| cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons |
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Definition
| disaster that led to the most deaths world wide |
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Term
|
Definition
| common act after a disaster |
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Term
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Definition
| costliest disaster in US history |
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Term
| Education, Engineering, Environment, Enforcement |
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Definition
| 4 E's for injury prevention |
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Term
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Definition
| number of people worldwide that die from injury each year |
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Term
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Definition
| was the leading cause of death in 2003 in the US for people between the ages of 45-54 |
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Term
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Definition
-taxes on weapons and ammunition (national firearm act 1934)
-regulation of firearm licenses
-limits on # of firearms that can be purchased
-gun bans
-buybacks |
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Term
| type II meters with slow response and a-weighted scales |
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Definition
| tools used to assess noise levels in workplace environments |
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Term
| interstitial lung disease |
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Definition
| -mechanistic steps to develop this are granuloma formation, irreversible scarring, and repeated injury of the tracheal lining |
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Term
| symptoms of noise induced hearing loss |
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Definition
-temporary threshold shifts in hearing (short term hearing loss)
-ear discomfort
-tinnitus/ringing/buzzing sensation in ears
-difficulty hearing in noisy environments |
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Term
|
Definition
-father of toxicology
-coined phrase "the dose makes the poison"
-wrote about diseases of miners |
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Term
|
Definition
-father of industrial medicine
-emphasized occupation of patient in De Morbis Artificum Diatriba |
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Term
| Tragedies that drove regulation in US |
|
Definition
1911- triangle shirtwaist fire (146 workers, 123 being female, die from fire)
1920s- radium dial painters (bone cancer, blood diseases, pointed brushes with mouth while painting luminous dials with radium containing paint)
1970 to 2009- mine disasters (24 with 5 or more deaths each, 354 deaths total) |
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Term
| incandescent 60 watt light bulb |
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Definition
-purchased for 50 cents
-cost owner $7.50 in electricity to run its 1000 hour life as 12.5 cents per kilowatt hour |
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Term
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Definition
| addressed the issue of global climate change |
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Term
|
Definition
-addressed the issue of CFCs and began to phase them out
-convention to eliminate ozone eating chemicals
-full compliance should return stratospheric ozone levels to normal by year 2050 |
|
|
Term
| intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) |
|
Definition
-has produced reports about every 5 to 7 years since it was founded in 1988
-main activity is to provide an assessment of the state of knowledge of climate change
-released its first assessment report (FAR) in 1990 which played an important role in the discussions of the intergovernmental negotiating committee for UNFCCC
-UNFCCC (adapted in 1992, entered into force in 1994) provides the overall policy framework and legal basis for addressing the climate change issue |
|
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Term
| ozone depletion model & its effects |
|
Definition
-CFCs and other Cl containing compounds
-Cl and Br atoms in the stratosphere
-ozone depletion with severe seasonal depletion at poles
-more UV reaches earth
outcomes: serious health effects, lower crop yields, more smog, possible climate changes |
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Term
|
Definition
-hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)do not contain Cl and do not affect the stratospheric ozone layer, but are still powerful greenhouse gases
-hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are better but still greenhouse gases. Montreal protocol requires them to be reduced and totally eliminated in 2030 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -if running smoothly it will emit less radiation than a coal fired power plant |
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