Term
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Definition
| , produced by the kidney, stimulates bone marrow to increase the production of RBCs when the kidney detects low levels of oxygen. |
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Definition
| requires iron, vitamins B12 and B6, folic acid, and protein to produce RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| are composed of granulocytes and agranulocytes. The normal value in adults or children older than two years is 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mm3 |
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Term
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Definition
constitute 60 to 80 percent of total leukocytes. There are three types:
- Eosinophils increase in number when there is an infection by parasites and during allergic reactions.
- Basophils respond to allergens.
- Neutrophils fight infections.
- Band cells (bands) are “babies” or immature neutrophils that increase in number as a response to bacterial infection (left shift).
- Segmental neutrophils (segs) are “seniors” or mature neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
constitute 20 to 40 percent of total leukocytes. There are two types:
- Monocytes are present in chronic infections, autoimmune disorders and in cancers
- Lymphocytes are principal cells in the immune system that produce antibodies to attack foreign tissue (infection, cancers).
- There are two types of lymphocytes
— T lymphocyte cells that kill foreign cells such as in transplant rejection and - B lymphocyte cells that provide antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
| Thrombocytes, or platelets |
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Definition
- are fragments of cells that lack a nucleus and cannot reproduce.
- They normally have a lifespan of seven to ten days.
- The normal value is 150,000 to 400,000 per microliter (mcL).
- They are the first to respond to help control bleeding when the wall of a blood vessel is injured |
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Term
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Definition
Blood Cells: _____
- Normal Value:
- Birth to Age 18: 4.0 - 6.0 x 1012/L;
- Men: 4.6 - 6.2 x 1012/L;
- Women: 4.5 - 5.4 x 1012/L
- Increased Number Indication: Polycythemia
- Decreased Number Indication: Anemia |
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Term
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Definition
Blood Cells: ____
- Normal Value:
- Birth to Age 6 years: 5.0 - 9.0 x 109/L;
- Age 6 years to 18 years: 4.8 - 10.8 x 109/L;
- Adults: 4.5 - 11 x 109/L
- Increased Number Indication: Leukocytosis
- Decreased Number Indication: Leukopenia |
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Term
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Definition
Blood Cells: ____
- Normal Value: 150,000 - 450,000 / cu mm - Increased Number Indication: Thrombocytosis
- Decreased Number Indication: Thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| Anemia Thrombocytopenia Leukocytosis |
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Definition
- a decrease in RBCs
- a low hemoglobin and
- a low hematocrit which are indicative of _____
- The patient has a low platelet count which indicates ______
- The patient has ______ as indicated by the elevated WBC count |
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Term
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Definition
| The CBC report shows that the patient has a high platelet: 475. Range is (150-400) |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of blood clotting to prevent excess bleeding from an injured vessel |
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Term
| The steps of primary hemostasis |
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Definition
1. Severed blood vessel constricts
2. Platelets collect at the site of injury
3. Platelets adhere to injured vessel and to each other.
4. Platelets release a substance that activates other coagulation factors.
5. Stable clot of fibrin is formed.
6. Bleeding stops |
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Term
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Definition
| Anemia is a symptom of other diseases. ______ is a nutritional disorder. _________ is necessary for the production of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| is an unregulated and excessive production of WBCs. ______ produces WBCs that are immature and unable to perform their normal role in the prevention of infection. This places the patient with _____ at risk of infection |
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Term
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Definition
In acute forms of ______, the bone marrow produces so many WBCs that its ability to produce sufficient platelets and RBCs is impaired. This results in the associated symptoms of _______ such as:
- bleeding and fatigue |
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Term
| acute myeloid leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
- it causes an elevated WBC count
- with a significant increase in the number of granulocytes (neutrophils)
- and a decrease in RBCs and platelets.
- pts may also experience bone pain as the bone marrow expands to increase blood cell production.
- SS: weakness, fatigue
- petechiae
- enlarged lymph nodes
- bone pain |
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Term
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Definition
- a change in B or T lymphocytes.
- Masses of these cells gather in the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue located in the spleen, stomach wall, liver, and bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
- originates in a single node and spreads along the rest of the lymph system.
- the node is firm to palpation but non-tender.
- Symptoms experienced by the patient are related to compression of organs by the overgrowth of the lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
Unlike Hodgkin lymphoma, _______ does not start in a single lymph node and can be more widespread.
- Symptoms may not exist until later stages when organs become compressed by the enlarged lymph node. |
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Term
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Definition
Diagnosis of ______ is confirmed by biopsy of the swollen lymph node.
- Reed-Sternberg cells are present only in Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
| are present only in Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
- Hypoproliferative - resulting from a decline in RBC production
- Bleeding - resulting from RBC loss
- Hemolytic - resulting from RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical manifestations in adults are:
- weakness, fatigue, general malaise,
- pallor of skin and mucous membranes,
- tachycardia,
- dizziness,
- dyspnea on exertion,
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and
- paresthesias.
- Children will also demonstrate symptoms such as irritability, decreased activity, delayed motor development, and eating items with no nutritive value (pica) such as clay or ice. |
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Term
| Nursing Interventions for Anemia |
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Definition
The patient should maintain a balance between activity and rest to manage fatigue.
Eating a healthy diet and including dietary supplements provides adequate nutrition to the body.
Supplemental oxygen may be necessary to help maintain adequate oxygenation in organs and tissues.
Blood or blood products may be administered if the patient is severely compromised |
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Term
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Definition
The most common causes in adults: are blood loss,
ulcers,
gastrointestinal tumors,
and menorrhagia.
In children, the common causes are: decreased supply (nutrition),
increased demand (growth),
blood loss,
inability to form hemoglobin,
and impaired absorption from the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| The clinical manifestations particular to iron deficiency anemia |
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Definition
are smooth and sore tongue and
eating non-nutritious items (pica) such as clay, starch, and ice.
Blood work may be analyzed for hematocrit and serum ferritin levels.
Recommended dietary modifications include red meat, legumes, whole grains, nuts, iron fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, and raisins to increase the iron level of the blood |
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Term
| RBC is changed to a rigid, sickle shape |
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Definition
when the patient is exposed to extreme cold, decreased available oxygen or dehydration
- obstruct small vessels resulting in pain due to decreased perfusion and ischemia and death of tissue if not treated immediately |
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Term
| People with sickle cell disease |
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Definition
- experience chronic anemia and the hemoglobin level is between 7 and 10 g/dL.
-In children, expansion of bone marrow to increase RBC production enlarges bones of the face and skull.
- A patient in sickle cell (vaso- occlusive) crisis is treated with bed rest, hydration, warm environment, adequate oxygenation, and possibly a blood transfusion.
- In adults, pain management requires administration of non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) along with morphine. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a prolonged or progressive increase in leukocytes (WBCs). Overproduction of leukocytes prevents the bone marrow from producing an adequate number of RBCs and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
has a sudden onset of symptoms and
rapid progression marked by immature, undifferentiated cells that cannot perform normal WBC function |
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Term
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Definition
| has an insidious onset with less rapid progress. It allows the production of some mature WBCs that maintain some normal function |
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Term
| Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) |
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Definition
- Whom it affects: Children (most common) - What cells are involved: Immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts)
- Manifestations: Fever, lethargy, anemia, anorexia, bone/joint pain, petechiae Diagnostic tests: Bone marrow biopsy
- Medical or surgical management: Chemotherapy with multiple drug regimens
- Nursing management: Prevent or manage infection; Manage mucositis; Improve nutrition; Manage pain; Decrease fatigue; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Manage anxiety and grief |
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Term
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) |
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Definition
- Whom it affects: Children, adults age 40-67
- What cells are involved: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
- Manifestations: Flu-like symptoms in children;
- Symptoms related to decreased production of blood cells in both adults and children
- Diagnostic tests: Bone marrow biopsy
- Medical or surgical management: Chemotherapy with multiple drug regimens
- Nursing management: Prevent or manage infection; Manage mucositis; Improve nutrition; Manage pain; Decrease fatigue; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Manage anxiety and grief |
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Term
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) |
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Definition
- Whom it affects: Older adults
- What cells are involved: Mature B lymphocytes
- Manifestations: Lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, fevers, night sweats, weight loss, infection
- Diagnostic tests: Lymphocyte count over 100,000/mm3
- Medical or surgical management: Chemotherapy with multiple drug regimens -- Nursing management: Prevent or manage infection; Manage mucositis; Improve nutrition; Manage pain; Decrease fatigue; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Manage anxiety and grief |
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Term
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) |
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Definition
- Whom it affects: Older adults
- What cells are involved: Mature B lymphocytes
- Manifestations: Lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, fevers, night sweats, weight loss, infection
- Diagnostic tests: Lymphocyte count over 100,000/mm3 Medical or surgical management: Chemotherapy with multiple drug regimens
- Nursing management: Prevent or manage infection; Manage mucositis; Improve nutrition; Manage pain; Decrease fatigue; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Manage anxiety and grief |
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Term
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) |
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Definition
- Whom it affects: Adults over 20 years, incidence increases with age
- What cells are involved: Increased production of blast cells
- Manifestations: May be asymptomatic; malaise, anorexia, weight loss, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
- Diagnostic tests: Leukocyte count over 100,000 mm3
- Medical or surgical management: Chemotherapy with Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
- Nursing management: Prevent or manage infection; Manage mucositis; Improve nutrition; Manage pain; Decrease fatigue; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Manage anxiety and grief |
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Term
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Definition
- is a change in a B or T lymphocyte.
- Masses of these cells gather in the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue located in the spleen, wall of the stomach, liver, and bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The two broad types are Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin. |
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Term
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Definition
- Begins in a single lymph node and spreads along the lymphatic chain
- has two peaks of incidence: early 20’s and after 50 years of age.
- Manifestations: Painless enlargement on one side of the neck, pruritis in adults; Other symptoms result from compression of organs by tumors; “B” symptoms- most common in advanced disease, include fever (no chills), night sweats, weight loss
- Diagnostic Tests: Lymph node biopsy; Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:
Medical or Surgical Management: High cure rate; Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: |
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Term
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Definition
- No single lymph node for origin- lymph nodes from multiple sites are involved; rapid onset with widespread involvement
- has many variations and peaks in children between the ages of 7 and 11.
- In adults, the risk increases with age with the median age of onset at age 67
- Manifestations: Pain or swelling dependent on site of involvement and spread of disease
- Diagnostic tests: Lymph node biopsy; Absence of Reed-Sternberg cells
- Medical or surgical mgmt: Chemotherapy for adults and children; Radiation therapy for adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Pica, smooth and sore tongue, fatigue, pallor: |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased production of blast cells signals the need for treatment: |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally low count of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets: |
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Term
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia |
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Definition
| Most common in children; abnormal lymphoblasts on bone marrow biopsy: |
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Term
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
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Definition
| Most common in older adults; lymphadenopathy, fever, fatigue: |
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Term
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Definition
- is a disorder caused by low platelet levels in the blood.
- Decreased production of platelets can occur in patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia.
- Use of certain medications such as sulfa drugs, methotrexate, and other chemotherapeutic agents as well as consumption of alcohol may lead to low production of platelets.
- When platelet destruction by the spleen is increased because of the presence of antibodies or infection, the spleen becomes enlarged or painful.
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) causes increased breakdown of platelets. |
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Term
| The following precautions should be taken to prevent bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia: |
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Definition
- Avoid aspirin or medications known to affect platelet function.
- Do not administer intramuscular injections.
- Do not take rectal temperatures or administer suppositories, or enemas.
- Prevent constipation.
- Use small gauge needles for venipuncture - Apply pressure for five minutes to venipuncture sites.
- Avoid aggressive flossing and always use a soft bristle toothbrush.
- Use electric razor for shaving to prevent cuts. |
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Term
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
is a mechanism of pathological activation of blood clotting that begins in response to a foreign particle or bacteria
- Excessive clots also prevent perfusion of vital organs leading to multiple organ system failure |
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Term
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Definition
| - bleeding from mucous membranes, venipuncture sites and the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. |
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Term
| diagnostic tests used to determine DIC: |
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Definition
- Platelet count: Normal platelet count is 150,000-450,000 cells /mm3. This test measures the number of circulating platelets and checks to see whether the count has decreased.
- Prothrombin time (PT): Normal PT value is 11.0-12.5 seconds. This test measures the adequacy of the extrinsic coagulation system to see whether PT has increased.
- Activated partial thromboplastin time (a PTT): Normal value for a PTT is 23-35 seconds. The test measures the adequacy of the intrinsic coagulation system to see if there is any increase.
- Fibrinogen count: Normal value for fibrinogen is 170-340 mg /dL. Fibrinogen is essential for clot formation and the test determines whether the count has decreased.
- D dimer: Normal value for D dimer is 0-250 ng / nL. This test checks whether there is increased breakdown of fibrin. |
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Term
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Definition
it can be caused by sepsis, allergic reaction, trauma, shock, or cancer. The management of it is to treat the underlying cause. Supportive therapy includes: measures to improve
oxygenation and correct fluid and electrolyte balance. The infusion of heparin may be used to interrupt the creation of clotting in the blood vessel. A patient with it is critically ill and is cared for in critical care units. |
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Term
| SS of microvascular thrombosis vs frank bleeding |
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Definition
Decreased skin temperature - Microvascular Thrombosis
Petechiae - Microvascular and Frank Bleeding
Cyanosis of the extremities - Microvascular Thrombosis
Decreased pupillary reaction - Microvascular Thrombosis
Diffuse ecchymosis - Microvascular and Frank Bleeding
Bleeding gums - Microvascular and Frank Bleeding
Capillary refill greater than three seconds - Microvascular Thrombosis Decreased urine output - Microvascular Thrombosis
Increasing creatinine - Microvascular Thrombosis
Decreased peripheral pulses - Microvascular Thrombosis
Change in orientation - Microvascular Thrombosis
Hematuria - Microvascular and Frank Bleeding
Hematemesis - Microvascular and Frank Bleeding
Chest pain with deep inspiration - Microvascular Thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| are of two types—T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
is an unregulated, excessive production of white blood cells.
Patients with it are at increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding.
It can be acute or chronic. |
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Term
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Definition
- is a change in the number of B or T lymphocytes.
- There are two broad types of lymphoma—Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- The diagnosis of lymphoma is confirmed by a biopsy of the swollen lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
| Bleeding and bruising without any visible injury are symptoms of . It is confirmed by a blood test to determine platelet count and a bone marrow biopsy to determine the cause of the low platelets |
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Term
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
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Definition
- develops in response to another disease process, such as sepsis, shock, or allergic reactions.
- The normal anticoagulant path is damaged allowing the formation of microvascular thrombi.
- These thrombi occlude small vessels, decreasing perfusion, and resulting in organ damage.
- As the normal components of clotting are depleted, bleeding begins |
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Term
| Folic acid supplementation |
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Definition
| can mask a B12 deficiency, thereby potentiating the neurological effects of B12 deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for cellular immunity, fighting tumors, xplant rejections, delayed immune reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| - production of RBCs, platelets, nonlymphoid WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| produce T or B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| produce antibodies called immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Induction Therapy for Leukemia |
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Definition
- pt has to be n hospital for several weeks
- txt is started quickly
- several different meds are used |
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Term
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Definition
| - eliminates residual leukemia cells and reduces the chance for recurrence |
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Term
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Definition
| malignant plasma cells produce an increased amount of a specific immunoglobulin that is nonfunctional |
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