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Health Span 2
Module 3
134
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
03/25/2019

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Which genetic factor is associated with the formation of abnormal amyloid precursor protein (APP)?
Definition
mutations on chromosome 21
Term
The presence of confusion and memory deficits indicate that the client has a disturbed thought process. After providing effective treatment, the client becomes
Definition
oriented towards reality
Term
conditions are known to precipitate delirium in a client
Definition
- febrile illness
- systemic infections
- hepatic encephalopathy
Term
diagnostic test is performed to evaluate the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a client
Definition
PET scan
Term
Which neurotransmitter is oversecreted in a client with neurocognitive disorder (NCD), leading to neuronal degeneration and cell death?
Secretion of excess ______ leads to over stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate
(NMDA) receptors. This increases intracellular calcium and subsequent neuronal degeneration and cell death.
Definition
glutamate
Term
A client who is in ________ of AD may experience confabulation, in which the client creates imaginary events to fill in memory gaps and denies the existence of a problem. As the client is able to understand and accept problems, it indicates that the treatment is effective
Definition
stage 4
Term
an antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of psychotic symptoms such as agitation.
Definition
Risperidone
Term
A client has undergone computerized tomography (CT) examination and has been diagnosed with Pick’s disease. Which parts of the brain are affected in the client?
Definition
- frontal lobe
- temporal lobe
Term
Pick’s disease involves behavioral and personality changes, which indicate that the _________ of the client’s brain is affected
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
Speech and language problems are evident in Pick’s disease, which indicate that the ________ of the client’s brain is affected.
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
Encouraging the client’s review of the past may create a disturbance in the client. _______ should be discouraged
Definition
rumination
Term
Option 1:
Distracting the client from the surroundings is an effective intervention in a client with hallucinations.
Option 2:
Covering and moving mirrors helps the client avoid seeing faces in patterns on fabrics or in pictures on the wall and is an effective intervention in a client with hallucinations. Mirrors can cause false perceptions, which may aggravate hallucinations.
Option 3:
Encouraging the client’s review of the past may create a disturbance in the client. Rumination should be discouraged. Therefore, this statement made by the student nurse needs correction.
Option 4:
Determining the reason for visual hallucinations is an effective intervention in a client with hallucinations.
Definition
hallucinations
Term
the client forgets major events. This stage of illness is not characterized by the loss of motor activity
Definition
In Stage 4,
Term
the client is unable to perform some activities of daily living. Loss of motor activity does not occur in this stage.
Definition
In Stage 5,
Term
, the client is able to perform activities of daily living only with assistance. Complete loss of motor activity does not occur in this stage.
Definition
In Stage 6
Term
the final stage of AD, where the client loses motor activity and is bedridden. The client in this stage of illness has impaired speech and communication. The presence of inflamed alveoli indicates pneumonia, possibly due to a depressed immune system.
Definition
Stage 7 is
Term
The client with AD who is in the______ stage of the disease has mild-to-moderate cognitive decline. The client cannot understand current news events during this stage of illness. This finding supports the nurse’s conclusion.
Definition
4th
Term
The client with AD who is in the ______ stage of the disease has moderate cognitive decline. The client cannot recall addresses and phone numbers during this stage of the disease.
Definition
5th
Term
The client with AD who is in the ______ stage of the disease has mild cognitive decline. Work performance is interrupted during this stage of illness. Therefore, the client is unable to plan or organize work-related tasks.
Definition
3rd
Term
drug doses for schizophrenia
Definition
- haloperidol 1-100 mg
- aripiprazole 10-30
- lurasidone 40-80
- chlorpromazine 40-400
Term
acute phase of a delusion
Definition
Assessment of the client with schizophrenia is a complex process based on information gathered from a number of sources. Clients in an acute episode of their illness are seldom able to make significant contributions to their history. Data may be obtained from family members, if possible; from old medical records, if available; or from other individuals who have been in a position to report on the progression of the client’s behavior.
Term
general medical conditions that may cause psychotic symptoms
Definition
- neurosyphilis
- hyperparathyroidism
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Acute intermittent porphyria
Term
Haloperidol
Definition
a typical antipsychotic that improves the positive symptoms and worsens the negative symptoms. Therefore, _______ aggravates anhedonia and regression in the client.
Term
typical antipsychotic agents
Definition
- loxapine
- pimozide
- haloperidol
- quetiapine
Term
quetiapine
Definition
The client prescribed with ______ medication may have high weight gain
Term
hypotension
Definition
Concomitant use of epinephrine and phenothiazine may result in decreased cardiac output. Therefore, the nurse expects severe ______ in the client.
Term
Community support programs
Definition
help the clients to work with community agencies. These programs emphasis on vocational expectations and sheltered workshops help provide rehabilitation to the client with schizophrenia.
Term
the psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
- anergia
- posturing
Term
anergia
Definition
refers to the lack of energy to perform the activities of daily living. It is common among clients with schizophrenia and it affects the cognitive abilities as well as the physical movements of the client.
Term
posturing
Definition
is one of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, which manifests as assuming bizarre postures. It affects the psychomotor behavior of the client.
Term
echopraxia
Definition
imitating the mvmt of other people
Term
s premorbid phase
Definition
The schizo client in the of schizophrenia exhibits symptoms such as being very shy and withdrawn.
Term
prodromal phase
Definition
The schizo client in the ________ exhibits nonspecific symptoms such as anxiety and irritability.
Term
schizophrenia phase
Definition
The schizo client in the __________ may show symptoms such as disorganized speech
Term
schizophrenia phase
Definition
The client in the ___________ may show negative symptoms such as diminished emotional expression.
Term
tuberoinfundibular
Definition
The ____________ pathway is associated with endocrine functions such as digestion and temperature control. If the psychotic client has frequent hyperthermia and indigestion, it indicates that the this pathway may be affected.
Term
mesolimbic
Definition
If the psychotic client shows any symptoms associated with memory, emotions, arousal and pleasure, it indicates that the ______ pathway may be affected.
Term
nigrostriatal
Definition
If the psychotic client shows any symptoms associated with motor control, it indicates that the ______ pathway may be affected.
Term
mesocortical
Definition
If the psychotic client shows any symptoms associated with cognition, social behavior, planning, problem solving, motivation, and reinforcement in learning, it indicates that the ______ pathway may be affected.
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
Disturbances in work, interpersonal skills, self-care for at least 6 months is indicative of ________
Term
encephalitis and meningitis
Definition
medical conditions may be implicated in the predisposition of an intellectual disability
Term
Risperidone
Definition
is the medication administered to children and adolescents from 5 to 16 years old who have autism spectrum disorder.
Term
Aripiprazole
Definition
is useful in treating autism spectrum disorder. However, it is prescribed to children and adolescents in the age range of 6 to 17 years old.
Term
The DSM-5 groups these disorders into a single diagnostic category—autism spectrum disorder
Definition
(ASD): autistic disorder, Rett’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and Asperger’s disorder.
Term
1 percent
Definition
The incidence rate of intellectual disabilities in the general population is about
Term
Adaptive functioning
Definition
refers to the person’s ability to adapt to the requirements of daily living and the expectations of his or her age and cultural group.
Term
memory functioning
Definition
- ST memory deteriorates with age
- LT memory doesn't
Term
age
Definition
intelligence doesn't dec with age
Term
age
Definition
learning ability not diminished with age
Term
bereavement overload
Definition
common in the elderly, can cause depression
Term
attachment
Definition
important to successful aging
Term
maintaining a pos self-concept
Definition
is important in aging
Term
death anxiety
Definition
can cause depression and anxiety in the elderly. self-esteem is important
Term
psychiatric disorders in later life
Definition
- cognitive
- depressive
- phobias
- alcoholism
Term
aging disorders
Definition
- neurocognitive
- delirium
- depression
- schizophrenia
- anxiety disorders
- personality disorders
- sleep disorders
Term
Parkinson's - motor symptoms
Definition
neurodegenerative disorder
- tremors at rest
- rigidity
- postural instability
- bradykinesia
Term
parkinsons - nonmotor symptoms
Definition
- autonomic dysfunction
- sleep disturbances
- depression
- psychosis
- dementia
Term
parkinsons pathology
Definition
- degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra
- sn supplies dopamine to the striatum
- imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine
Term
parkinsons drugs
Definition
- activate dopamine receptors
- drugs that block cholinergic receptors
Term
pd drugs for motor symptoms
Definition
carbidopa and levodopa
Term
levodopa
Definition
converts to dopamine
Term
decarboxylase
Definition
enzyme that converts levodopa to dopamine
Term
acute loss of response to levodopa
Definition
two patterns
- gradual wearing off at end of dosing interval
- abrupt loss of effect. on-off phenomenon
Term
levodopa adverse effects
Definition
- nausea
- dyskinesias
- hypotension
- psychosis
Term
1st gen antipsychotic drugs
Definition
block dopamine receptors
Term
clozapine and quetiapine
Definition
two 2nd gen antipsychotic drugs that don't block dopamine receptors
Term
combining levodopa with nonselective MAOI
Definition
can cause HTN crisis
Term
high protein (amino acid) meals
Definition
can reduce levodopa effects
Term
carbidopa
Definition
it enhances the effects of levodopa and doesn't cross the BBB
Term
pramipexole
Definition
- oral nonergot dopamine agonst
- first-line drug for pd motor symptoms
- can be used with levodopa in late stage of pd
- can be used alone in early pd
Term
major adverse effects of pramipexole (from excessive activation of dopamine receptors)
Definition
- nausea
- dyskinesia
- post hypo
- hallucinations
Term
entacapone
Definition
- a COMT inhibitor
- inhibits metabolism of levodopa in the intestines and peripheral tissues
- more levodopa is available to the brain
Term
selegiline and rasagiline
Definition
- inhibits brain enzyme MAO-B
- MAO-B inactivates dopamine
Term
anticholinergic drugs
Definition
relieve symptoms of pd by blocking cholinergic receptors in the striatum
Term
the goal of pharmacologic therapy in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Definition
To balance cholinergic and dopaminergic activity in the brain.
Parkinson’s disease results from a decrease in dopaminergic (inhibitory) activity, leaving an imbalance with too much cholinergic (excitatory) activity. With an increase in dopamine, the neurotransmitter activity becomes more balanced, and symptoms are controlled.
Term
dyskinesia
Definition
head bobbing
Term
meperidine
Definition
Selegiline can have a dangerous interaction with ______, leading to stupor, rigidity, agitation, and hyperthermia
Term
rasagiline side effects
Definition
headache, arthralgia, dyspepsia, depression, and flu-like symptoms.
Term
amantadine
Definition
Amantadine is not as effective as some other medications, so it is not a first-line treatment for pd, but it may be used in addition to other medications.
Term
AD
Definition
- neuritic plaques
- neurofibrillary tangles
- degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex
Term
AD dementia drugs
Definition
cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine
Term
cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil)
Definition
- inc availability acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses
- enhances xmission by cholinergic neurons that haven't yet been destroyed by AD
Term
cholinesterase inhibitors
Definition
modest improvements in cognition, behv, and function in 1 out of 12 pts
Term
cholinergic side effects
Definition
- bradycardia (fainting, falls, fractures, and pacemaker placement)
- n&v
- dyspepsia
- diarrhea
Term
drugs that block cholinergic receptors
Definition
- 1st gen antihistamines
- tricyclic antidepressants
- conventional antipsychotics
Term
memantine
Definition
- NMDA receptor agonist
- modulates effects of glutamate at NMDA receptors
Term
memantine
Definition
approved only for moderate to severe AD
Term
memantine
Definition
no significant adverse effects
Term
Rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor)
Definition
is thought to have the highest probability of producing adverse GI effects
Term
the principal indication for antipsychotic drugs
Definition
schizo
Term
schizo
Definition
disordered thinking and reduced comprehension of reality
Term
pos symptoms of schizo
Definition
- hallucinations
- delusions
- agitation
Term
neg symptoms of schizo
Definition
- blunted affect
- poverty of speech
- social withdrawal
Term
cog symptoms of schizo
Definition
- disordered thinking
- reduced ability to focus attn
- learning and memory difficulties
Term
1st and 2nd gen antipsychotic drugs
Definition
both equally effective at treating schizo
Term
1st gen antipsychotics (FGAs)
Definition
high risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)
Term
2nd gen antipsychotics (SGAs)
Definition
high risk of metabolic effects
Term
SGAs
Definition
they are no safer than FGAs
Term
SGAs and FGAs
Definition
both inc mortality risk in elderly with dementia-related psychosis
Term
several months
Definition
therapeutic responses to antipsychotic drugs take....
Term
FGAs
Definition
are thought to relieve symptoms by causing strong blockade of D2 receptors
Term
SGAs
Definition
are thought to relieve symptoms by causing moderate blockade of D2 receptors and strong blockade of 5-HT2 receptors
Term
FGAs
Definition
major concern is EPS early in txt
- acute dystonia
- parkinsonism
- akathisia
- tardive dyskinesia (late in txt)
Term
What are some of the main symptoms of Akathisia?
Definition
Extreme agitation/restlessness
Inability to sleep/insomnia
Profound anxiety/terror/panic
Feeling like you're jumping out of your skin or want to rip your skin off and escape
Feeling a need to run away
Term
acute dystonia
Definition
A "dragging leg"
Cramping of the foot
Involuntary pulling of the neck
Uncontrollable blinking
Speech difficulties
Term
ss of tardive dyskinesia
Definition
Lip smacking
Tongue thrusting
Rapid eye blinking
Facial grimacing
Finger tapping
Arm and leg movements
Term
anticholinergic drugs (benzotropine)
Definition
acute dystonia and parkinsonism respond to
Term
anticholinergic drugs, benzos, or beta blockers
Definition
akathisia may respond to
Term
no reliable txt for
Definition
tardive dyskinesia
Term
the risk of early EPS
Definition
much greater with high-potency FGAs
Term
the risk of TD
Definition
equal with high and low potency FGAs
Term
risks with low-potency FGAs
Definition
- sedation
- ortho hypo
- anticholinergic effects
Term
FGAs can cause
Definition
- neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- muscular rigidity
- high fever
- autonomic instability
- death
Term
dantrolene and bromocriptine
Definition
used to treat neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Term
can inc circulating levels of prolactin
Definition
antipsychotic drugs
Term
levodopa can counteract the beneficial effects of FGA drugs, and vice versa because
Definition
levodopa activates dopamine receptors, whereas FGAs block dopamine receptors
Term
Haloperidol (Haldol)
Definition
the prototype of the high-potency FGAs
Term
3 important ways SGAs differ from FGAs
Definition
- they block receptors for serotonin and dopamine
- they carry a lower risk of EPS, including TD
- they carry a higher risk of serious metabolic effects such as wt gain, diabetes, dyslipidemia
Term
Atomoxetine [Strattera]
Definition
is a nonstimulant drug. It increases the release of norepinephrine, and it is approved for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. It has no potential for abuse.
Term
Atomoxetine
Definition
is recommended for treatment of ADHD in cases where there may be concern for stimulant abuse or there exists a strong aversion to treatment with stimulant medications.
Term
TCAs
Definition
These drugs decrease hyperactivity but have little effect on impulsivity and inattention. Responses develop slowly. Beneficial effects begin in 2 to 3 weeks and reach a maximum at around 6 weeks. Tolerance frequently develops within a few months. In contrast to the stimulants, which can be discontinued on weekends, antidepressants must be taken continuously.
Term
The amphetamines
Definition
act primarily by causing the release of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) and partly by inhibiting the reuptake of both transmitters. These actions take place in the CNS and in peripheral nerves. Most pharmacologic effects result from the release of NE.
Term
Bupropion [Wellbutrin]
Definition
can reduce behavioral symptoms of ADHD but is less effective than stimulants. The drug lacks the adverse effects associated with tricyclic antidepressants (eg, cardiotoxicity, anticholinergic effects) but does pose a risk of seizures.
Term
The adverse effects of the barbiturates
Definition
include respiratory depression, risk of suicide, risk of abuse, and hangover (sedation, impaired judgment, and reduced motor skills).
Term
Flumazenil [Romazicon]
Definition
, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, is the treatment of choice for overdose of the benzodiazepine diazepam [Valium]. Naloxone [Narcan] is used to reverse opioid overdose. Acetylcysteine [Mucomyst] is used to reverse acetaminophen [Tylenol] overdose. Vitamin K is used to reverse warfarin toxicity.
Term
Flumazenil [Romazicon]
Definition
, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, is the treatment of choice for overdose of the benzodiazepine diazepam [Valium]. Naloxone [Narcan] is used to reverse opioid overdose. Acetylcysteine [Mucomyst] is used to reverse acetaminophen [Tylenol] overdose. Vitamin K is used to reverse warfarin toxicity.
Term
Flumazenil [Romazicon]
Definition
, a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, is the treatment of choice for overdose of the benzodiazepine diazepam [Valium]. Naloxone [Narcan] is used to reverse opioid overdose. Acetylcysteine [Mucomyst] is used to reverse acetaminophen [Tylenol] overdose. Vitamin K is used to reverse warfarin toxicity.
Term
- HIV
- cerebral trauma
Definition
What are the causes of secondary neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) in a client
Term
estrogen and progesterone
Definition
when given in combination, leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer in elderly clients.
Term
illusions
Definition
The client is said to have _____ if he or she misinterprets external stimuli
Term
hallucinations
Definition
The client with schizophrenia may have different types of hallucinations. Tactile hallucinations are one of the types of hallucinations in which the client may complain about something crawling on or under the skin.
Term
stages of schizo
Definition
Option 1:
The client in the premorbid phase or Phase I experiences schizoid or schizotypal personalities, which are characterized as quiet, passive, and introverted.
Option 2:
The client in the prodromal phase or Phase II experiences nonspecific symptoms such as social withdrawal and positive symptoms such as suspiciousness. Therefore, the client exploiting the group members during any group activities indicates that the client is in Phase II of schizophrenia.
Option 3:
The client in the active psychotic phase or Phase III experiences prominent psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations.
Option 4:
The client in the residual phase or Phase IV experiences periods of remission or exacerbation.
Term
psychotic disorders and the risk of harming others
Definition
Option 1:
Dysphoria refers to a state of dissatisfaction. However, this does not indicate the risk of violent behavior in the client.
Option 2:
Manic excitement is one of the symptoms that infer that the client is at risk of self-directed or other-directed violence. Mechanical restraints are recommended, when necessary.
Option 3:
The nurse infers that the client with increased agitation is at a risk of injury. The nurse does not infer the risk of self-directed or other-directed violence.
Option 4:
The client with extreme hyperactivity is not at risk of self-directed or other-directed violence.
Term
psychotic disorders and the risk of harming others
Definition
Option 1:
Dysphoria refers to a state of dissatisfaction. However, this does not indicate the risk of violent behavior in the client.
Option 2:
Manic excitement is one of the symptoms that infer that the client is at risk of self-directed or other-directed violence. Mechanical restraints are recommended, when necessary.
Option 3:
The nurse infers that the client with increased agitation is at a risk of injury. The nurse does not infer the risk of self-directed or other-directed violence.
Option 4:
The client with extreme hyperactivity is not at risk of self-directed or other-directed violence.
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