It effects an individual because:

1). It is the single greatest cause of preventable death.

2). It sets up risk factors for cancer, emphysema, respiratory disorders, lower birth weight in offspring, retarded fetal development, erectile dysnfunction, & Chronic Obstrutive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

It effects an individual's:

• Social/Environmental
• Health
• Moderate drinking can become excessive

It disinhibits aggression, can result to homicide, suicide, assaults, leads to more impulsive sexuality/poorer skills for neotiating condom use.

It is tied to brain atrophy and consequent deteriorating cognitive function.

1). Drinking heavily over several days.

2). Refers to the heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.

1). An addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor.

2). The mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency.

1). A strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance.

2). It results from physical dependence and from a conditioning process: As the substance is paired with environmental cues, the presence of those cues triggers an intence desire for the substance.

1). The process by which the body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance, requiring larger and larger does of it in order to obtain the same effects, and eventually reaching a plateau.

1). The unpleasant symptoms, both physical and psychological, that people experience when they stop using a substance on which they have become dependent

2). Include anxiety, irritability, intence cravings for the substance, nausea, headaches, tremons, and hallucinations (All these characteristics are common to addiction to smoking, alcohol, and drugs).

What is needed to ensure a successful outcome for smoking and alcohol relapse prevention?

1). Practicing coping skills or social skills in a high-risk-for-relapse situation.

2). Recognition of often stopping and restarting an addictive behavior several times.

3). Understanding that an occasional relapse is normal.

4). Drink refual skills and the substitution of nonalcoholic beverages in high-risk social situations.

1). Events percieved to be as stressful.

1). A stressful experience that is usual but continually a stressful aspect of life.

1) The perception of a new changing environment as benefiticial, neutral, or negative in its consequences; believed to be a first step in stress and coping.

2). Whether the demand threatens our physical or psychological well-being. Three possible judgements may come from:

• Irrelevant
• Good, or "Benign-Positive"
• Stressful: These Judgements lead to further judgement...

1). The assessment of one's coping abilities and resources and the judgement as to whether they will be sufficient to meet harm, threat or challange of a new or changing event.

2). Ongoing assesment of the resources we have available for coping.

3). Sometimes our secoondary apprasials of limited resources may affect our primary apprasials of threat or loss-harm, whereas that may not have otherwise happened.

1). A syndrom that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing, reliving of aspects of the trauma, intense responses to other stressful events, and other stressful events, and other symptoms, such as hyperalterness, sleep disturbance, guilt, or impaired memory of concerntration.

1). Alarm - The organism becomes mobilized to meet the threat.

2). Resistance - The organism makes efforts to cope with the threat, as through confrontation.

3). Exhaustion - Occurs if the organism fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resouces in the process of trying.

1). Illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible.

1). Illness or other medical problems that occur over a short time, that are usually the result of an infectiopus process, and that are reversible.

1). Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something.

1). The practice of being or tendency to be negative or skeptical in attitude while failing to offer positive suggestions or views.

1). The significance of pain goes far beyond the disruption it produces. Pain is significant for mananing daily acitivies.

2). Pain has psychological as well as medical significance. 

3). Minor Pains are critical for survival because they provide:

• Low-level feedback about the functioning of our bodily symptoms, feedback that we then use, often unconsiously, as a basis for making minor adjustments, such as shifting our posture, rolling over while asleep.

1). The meaning and expression of pain are influenced by people’s cultural background.

2). Pain is not just a physiologic response to tissue damage but also includes emotional and behavioral responses based on an individual’s past experiences and perceptions of pain.

3). Member from some cultures report pain sooner and react more intensely to it than individuals from other cultures.

4). The cultural differences come from differences in norms regarding the expression of pain and in some cases from different pain mechanisms.

1). Symptoms that are imprecise in measurement.

2). For instance: How much does it hurt? "A lot!" That is subjective because "a lot!" to one person can mean something very different depending on who is experiencing and reporting the pain.

1). A pain management technique involving relaxation, suggestion, distraction, and the focusing of attention.

2). It reduces discomfort, may have clinical benefits. It helps children/adolescents cope with pain of noxious medical prodecures and cancer patients who cope with the pain of metastatic cancer. Successfully used to control acute pain and chronic pain.

1). Symptoms that are evident, measurable, and consistent from one person to another.

2). For instance, if one reports a wound that is very severe, indurated (hard), inflamed (red), and issuing a milky discharge, another person can observe those same exact signs.

1). Hypnosis

1). A method whereby an individual is provided with ongoing, specific information or feedback about how a particular physiological process operates, so that he/she can learn how to modify that process.

2). Modest evidence that it is effective in reducing pain. When the training is successful, it is not clear exactly why. Beneficial effects of biofeedback result from something other than modification of the target process, such as relaxation, etc.

1). Procedures that help people relax; include progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing; may also include guided imagery and dorms of meditation or hypnosis.

1). A pain control method that may involve either focusing on a stimulus irrelevant to the pain experience or reinterpreting the pain experience; redirecting attention to reduce pain.

2). It's most effective for coping with low-level and acute pain, not chronic pain. Even though it lacks analegsitc properties, it may be most useful when used in conjunction with other pain control techniques. 

1). A technique of healing and pain control, developed in China, in which long and thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body to reduce discomfort in a target area.

2). Can reduce some short-term pain, but it is not as effective for chronic pain.

1). Persists for 6 months or longer and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

2). The pain varies in severity and may involve any of a number of muscle groups.

EXAMPLES: Chronic low back pain and myofascial pain syndrom.

1). Involves a series of intermitent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition recurs for more than 6 months.

EXAMPLES: Migraine headaches, temporomandibular disorder (involving the jaw), and trigeminal neutralgia.  

1). Persisrs longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time. It is associated with malignancies or degenerative disorders, such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis. 

1). Depression can cause pain and pain can cause depression. Sometimes pain and depression create a vicious cycle in which pain worsens symptoms of depression, and then the resulting depression worsens feelings of pain.

2). Pain and the problems it causes can wear you down over time, and may begin to affect your mood. Chronic pain causes a number of problems that can lead to depression, such as trouble sleeping and stress.