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| the application of psychological principles and research to the enhancement of health, and the prevention and treatment of illness |
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| research method in which researchers observe and record participants behaviors, often forming hypotheses taht are later tested more systematically; includes case studies, interviews, surveys, and observation studies |
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| the scientific study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of a particular disease or other health outcome in a population |
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| a descriptive study in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing general principles |
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| a questionnaire used to ascertain the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group of people |
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| a non experimental research method in which a researcher observes and records the behavior or a research participant |
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| a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the relationships between two variables, and thus of how well on predicts the other. |
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| used to pinpoint causes of the behaviors we observe. Vary the cause(IV) and look for a change in the effect.(DV) |
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| a study comparing two groups that differ naturally on a specific variable of interest |
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| a study comparing representative groups of people of various ages on a a particular dependent variable |
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| a study of which a single group of ppl is observed over a long span of time |
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| the amount of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genes |
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| studies of identical twins raised together to identical twins raised apart |
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| asks questions such as who contracts which disease? and what factors determine whether a person gets a particular disease? |
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| the number of cases of a specific illness, injury, or disability in a given group of people at a given time |
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| the number of deaths due to a specific cause in a given group at a given time |
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| the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a specific population within a defined time interval |
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| the total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition that exist at a given time |
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| the scientific study of the causes or origins of specific diseases |
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| a backward looking study in which a group of ppl who have a certain condition are compared with a group of people who are free of that condition |
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| a longitudinal study that follows a healthy group of subjects over time |
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| randomized clinical trial |
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| one or more independent variables is directly manipulated |
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| some getting placebo and some getting active drug |
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| aka repeated measures. both groups start with placebo then to active drug |
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| a quantitative technique that combines the results of many research studies examining the same effect or phenomenon |
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| a statistical indicator of the likelihood of a causal relationship between a particular health risk factor and a health outcome |
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| been in place before the disase appeared,make sense, dose-response, relative risk, incidence or prevalence |
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| in order to infer causality, the alleged cause must have ____, the relationship must ____, there must be a ___ relationship, the strength of the ____ must suggest causality, and the _______ of the health outcome must drop when the alleged causal factor is removed. |
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| the neural structure lying below the the thalamus. and is part of the limbic system. |
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| eating, drinking, body temperature |
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| what are the three maintenance activities that the hypothalamus directs? |
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| the ____ helps govern the limbic system via the pituitary gland. |
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| the bodys slow chemical communication system. |
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| a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemical messengers, mostly manufactured by the endocrine glands, and produced in one tissue but affect another |
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| a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys |
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| secrete the hormones epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which help to arouse the body in times of stress |
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| under the influence of the hypothalamus |
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| regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
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| helps regulate growth and metabolism |
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| hormones secreted by this gland regulate level of calcium in the body |
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| _____ of miles of blood vessels |
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| carry blood away from the heart to other organs and tissues |
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| carry blood back to the heart from the capillaries |
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| red blood cells (erythrocytes) |
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| carry oxygen from lungs to body cells |
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| white blood cells (leukocytes) |
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| infection fighting cells of the immune system |
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| bacteria, viruses, parasites |
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| muscular tube that contracts rhythmically to propel food downward |
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| food mixes with hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins |
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| general defenses against antigens. ex skin saliva, perspiration and lymphocytes |
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| when an antigen has been encountered before (natural immunity) or a vaccination creates a memory for a specific antigen (acquired immunity) |
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| white blood cells produced in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. partrol body for antigens |
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| destroy antigens in bloodstream by engulfing and digesting them |
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| patrol body for worn out cells |
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| natural killer (NK) cells |
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| destroy virus and tumor cells in blood and body tissues by injecting them with lethal chemicals |
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| for antigens that elude or overwhelm nonspecific defenses , b and t cells |
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| white blood cells that attack antigens by producing specific antibodies |
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| white blood cells that attack antigens directly, without producing antibodies |
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| Cytotoxic cells, helper t cells, suppressor t cells |
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| killer cells eqipped with receptors that match one specific antigen |
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| sentries that travel through the bloodstream hunting antigens and secreting chemical messengers (lymphokines), which stimulate other immune cells |
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| sentries that travel through the bloodstream hunting antigens and secreting chemical messengers (lymphokines), which stimulate other immune cells |
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| produce chemicals that suppress immune responding in t and b cells when an antigen is vanquished |
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| proteins produced by immune cells that act on other cells to regulate immunity |
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| threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes. each ovum and sperm contains 23 chromosomes |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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| complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
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| the sum total of genes that a person inherits |
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| a persons observable characteristics |
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| any event or situation that triggers coping adjustments |
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| the process by which we perceive and respond to events that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challlenging |
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| major life events, catastrophes, daily hassles, environmental stress, work/school, overload, social interactions |
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| derived fight or flight reaction |
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| outpouring of epinephrine, cortison, and other hormones that prepare an organism to defend against a threat |
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| sympatho adreno medullary (SAM) system |
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| the body's initial rapid acting response to stress, involves the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla |
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| SAM system- sympatho adreno medullary system |
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| causes the flight or fight response |
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| hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical System (HPA SYSTEM) |
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| the bodys delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex |
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| the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry |
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| HPA axis may become underactive in the face of chronic stress, reating a state of adrenal exhaustion and chronically low levels of coritsol |
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| coritsol levels spiral upwards and hippocampus is damaged, leaving it unable to signal the hypothalamus to shut off the stress response ex. alzheimers, or depression |
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| subfield of health psychology that emphasizes the interaction of psychology, nueroendocrine, and immunological processs in stress and illness |
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| tumor cells grow more rapidly in animals that are induced to stressors, and immunosuppression has beeen linked to divorce, unemployment, etc |
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| psychoneuroimmunology evidence |
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| immunosuppresion is part of the bodys natural response to stress |
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| indirect effect hypothesis |
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| immunosuppression is an aftereffect of the stress response |
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| cumulative long term effects of the bodys physiological response to stress |
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| general adaptation syndrome |
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| selyes term for the bodys reaaction to stress, which consists of alarm,resistance, exhaustion |
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| the experience of stress depends as much on how an event is appraised as it does on the event itself |
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| determination of an events meaning |
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| evaluation of ones ability to meet the demands of a challenging event |
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| process by which events are constantly reevaluated |
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| an individuals susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by two interacting factors, predisposing and precipitating |
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| predisposing factors (in the person) |
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| genetic vulnerability and acquired behavioral or personality traits |
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| precipitating factors (from the environment) |
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| stress suppresses the immune system, leaving the individual vulnerable to opportunistic infection and disease |
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| glucocorticoid resistance model |
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| says stress interferes with the immune systems sensitivity to the glucocorticoid hormones that normally help control inflammation, which helps explain the roles of stress in disorders such as asthma and arthritis |
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| cognitive, behavioral, and emotional management of stressful situations |
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| attempt to control an emotional response toa stressor by escape-avoi8dance, distancing, or positive reappraisal |
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| deals directly with a stressor by reducing its demands and increaqsing ones resources for meeting demands |
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| Males have a stronger ____ reactivity with coping. and a tendency to be more ____. |
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| women have a stronger _____ response when coping. |
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| girls and boys are socialized difft ways, creating life long behavioral differenceds |
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| role constraint hypothesis |
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| says when stressors are the same, gender is irrelevant |
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| cluster of stress-buffering traits consisting of commitment, challenges, and control |
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| the ability of some children to spring back from somtimes overwhelming stressors |
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| a persons propensity to attribute outcomes to positive caues or negative causes |
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| attributions that global, stable, and internal, tendency to ruminate |
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| the belief that we make our own decisions and determine what we do or what others do to us |
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| the ways in which ppl modulate their thinking, emotions, and behavior over time and across changing circumstances |
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| emotion focused style in which we inhibit emotional response, especially in social situations, so we view ourselves imperturbable |
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| hypothese that social support may mitigate stress indirectly thrugh the use of more effective coping strategies |
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| hypothesis that social support may enhavnce the bodys physical responses to challenging siuations |
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