Term
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Definition
| tension, feeling overwhelmed, strain |
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Term
| PNI
Psychoneuroimmunology |
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Definition
| established in 1970's by Robert Ader. Looks @ how stress can facilitate disease |
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Term
| Cannon
Biological Perspective |
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Definition
| -coined the term stress
-worked with the endocrine system
-Predator stress: Fight or Flight (emergency theory of 1915)
-looked at homeostasis |
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Term
| Selye
Biological Perspective |
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Definition
| Father of Stress Research (prolific writer)
Noxious stimulation
Triadic Stress repsonse: enlarged adrenal glands, small spleen & thymus, gastric ulcers |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonspecific response to any demand that is placed upon the body that takes the body out of homeostassi |
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Term
| GAS - Selye
general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
| - Alarm Phase: when an organism is presented with a demand there is an increase in SNS activity. (Canon's emergency theory)
- Resistance Phase: with prolonged exposure it is defined as physiological coping
- Exhaustion Phase: the body breaks down & is unable to meet the demand of the stressor
- results in end organ disfunction (susceptability for illness) |
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Term
| Taylor
Biological Perspective |
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Definition
| - Tend & Befriend
women, when faced with a threat, the first response is to tend to children.
Women have more oxytocin which drives maternal behaviors under stress |
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Term
| Mason
Psychological Perspective |
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Definition
| Monkey - diet study
**Food deprivation is a demand that can produce stress
**The demand is not what generates the response. The perception contributes to the response to the stressor - without perception you do not have stress response. |
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Term
| Lazarus
Psychological Perspective |
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Definition
| Cognitive Appraisal
Woodshop Study - Information is important because it influences your perception of the event. Cognitive appraisal is important to the physiology of the stress response. |
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Term
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Definition
Selye's model is too simplistic.
Lazarus' model is too individualizes - individual variability is due to cognitive appraisal |
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Term
| The Transactional Model of Stress
Lazarus |
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Definition
| 2 types of appraisal
1. Primary : appraisal of threat
2. Secondary : your ability to meet the demand (coping)
3 types of threat appaisals
1. Motive Strength: goals/desires have been blocked
2. Belief System: information occurs that contradicts your beliefs/values
3. Intellectual Resources: information lacking infor about a situation is threatening. |
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Term
| Secondary Appraisal
Lazarus |
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Definition
| Coping Strategies
1. Problem Focus Coping: the individual tries to address the situation @ hand. They are actively engaged in reducing the threat
2. Active Coping: lose your job - go get another one
3. Emotion Focus: the individual does not actively address the problem. They self-regulate |
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Term
| 5 functions of coping
Lazarus & Cohen |
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Definition
| 1. Reduce harmful environmental conditions and enhance the likelihood of recovery.
2. Tolerate/adjust to - events
3. maintain + self image (+ self talk)
4. Maintain emotional equilibrium
5. Continue emotional & satisfying relationships with others |
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Term
| Hobfall
Psychological Perspective |
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Definition
| Emphasized environment & identifying environmental demands tha tproduce stress. |
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Term
| 4 types of resources
Hobfall |
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Definition
| 1. Object (anything that you value)
2. Personal Characteristics (refer to qualities that you value in yourself)
3. Conditions (refer to status)
4. Energies (refer to money, time or knowledge) |
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Term
| Pearlin
Sociological Perspective |
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Definition
| Stress is due to the unequal distribution of resources across a societal structure.
Unequal distribution of opportunities within a society. |
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Term
| 3 major sources of stress
Pearlin |
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Definition
| 1. Life Events: (Holmes & Rahe): It is not the number of events that you experience, rather the meaning of the life event
2. Life Strain: everyday problems due to institutionalized roles
3. Self-Concept: |
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Term
| Institutionalized Conflicts
Hobfall |
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Definition
| 1. Role Overload: when the demands of life exceed coping resources
2. Role Captivity: a person wants to go outside their institutionalized roles but they can't therefor they are trapped in an unwanted role.
3. Role Restructuring: a change in instututionalized roles, that change can be stressful due to restructuring your relationship within a structure. |
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Term
| SAM [sympathetic-adrenal-medullary pathway]
Stress Pathway |
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Definition
| activation of SNS - hits adrenal gland - produces 2 hormones
adrenal medula is activated when stressor occurs. This produces horomones that are pervasive on the body. The physiological consequence is fight or flight. |
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Term
| HPA [ hypothalamic pituitary adrenal cortex pathway]
Stress Pathways |
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Definition
| stressor - stimulates hypothalamus - produces CRF hormones causeing stimulation of pituitary gland - biosynthesis - releases ACTH - causes adrenal cortex to be stimulated - release of cortisol |
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Term
| 4 consequences of release of cortisol
Stress Pathways |
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Definition
| increase in conversion of carbs into glucose, increase of free fatty acid mobilization, increase of release of protein mobilization, killing of immature lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease is slow and progressive, it is difficult to test stress in humans.
The research is correlational. |
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Term
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Definition
| noxious stimuli presented in the confines of a lab |
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Term
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Definition
| adversive stress that happens daily |
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Term
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Definition
| tail shock for 19 hours was the stressor
dependant variable was gastric ulcers
inescapable and escapable conditions
concluded that his manipulation was responsible for ulcers |
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Term
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Definition
| animal research can be applied to the human condition
Weiss postulated that the stress was relevant to the fact that the animals had no control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monkey Model (4 total / two groups) subjected to industrial noise
dependant variable was hypertension and they measure auditory function
stress in general can cause changes in your cardiovascular system which can predispose you to hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which an organism shows physiological changes to the stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress & Cancer
the experimental animals had less tumors that were smaller in size
**Stress does not always harm |
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Term
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Definition
| 400 adults recruited, innoculated and quaratined in a hotel.
there was a dose-dependant relationship between stress & illness. 83% actually developed clinical colds. |
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Term
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Definition
| major function: protect body against foreign bodies |
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