Term
| Where did the term infant come from, and what did it mean? |
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Definition
| It comes from Latin (in=fants) and means unable to speak |
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Term
| What is a newborn infant called after the final stage of gestation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gestational age
the age of an embryo or fetus (neonate) |
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Term
| Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) |
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Definition
when an infant's weight is less that the tenth percentile for a particular gestational age
And their weight isn't associated with any constitutional or familial cause |
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Term
| What is considered large weight for a particular GA? |
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Definition
| weight is above the 90th percentile at GA |
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Term
| What is considered an appropriate gestational age weight |
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Definition
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Term
| what is considered small weight for GA? |
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Definition
| weight below the 10th percentile at GA |
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Term
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Definition
- a key determinant of infant survival, health and development
- puts infants at greater risk of dying in the first year of life, and developing chronic health problems |
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Term
| What are maternal causes for IUGR |
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Definition
poor nurition
cigarette smoking
drug abuse and alcoholism
other typical illnesses |
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Term
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Definition
multiple gestation
congenital abnormalities |
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Term
| Maternal-fetal causes of IUGR |
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Definition
| any disease causing placental insufficiency |
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Term
| What are some complications associated with IUGR |
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Definition
meconium aspiration
asphyxia
hypoglycemia
polycythemia
mental retardation
greater risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| when the newborn has insufficient oxygen levels |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally high levels of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| low blood sugar, or glucose levels |
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Term
| What does the infant mortality indicator show? |
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Definition
| the number of infants who die during the first year of life |
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Term
| Infant mortality is expressed as a rate per _____ live births |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of health services ? |
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Definition
specialized functions of practitioners
and office-based and inpatient treatment |
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Term
| What are examples of office-based and inpatient treatment? |
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Definition
first contact with medical professional
hospital care
nursing homes
outpatient or home health care |
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Term
| Name 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of outpatient/home health care. |
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Definition
Advantages - less expensive, patient can be at home and potentially return to work or school
Disadvantages - lack of caregiver in the home, lack of transportation to the clinic |
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Term
| Patient-centered care (PCC) |
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Definition
| an ideal model of care in the hospital, care is focused and centred around the well being of the patient |
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Term
| What are the key attributes of patient-centred care (PCC) |
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Definition
1. dignity and respect for patients' needs/values
2. Collaboration between health care leaders/providers and patients/families
3. Communication and information sharing |
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Term
| Characteristics of symptoms |
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Definition
- they accompany illness
- certain symptoms reliably signal certain illness
- some symptoms are more serious than others
- when symptoms go away, we feel well |
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Term
| Individual differences in perceiving symptoms |
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Definition
- having more symptoms
- differing in experience of same symptoms
- some people may notice change more quickly |
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Term
| Research shows that people who think _____ are more likely to over estimate their body changes |
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Definition
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Term
| People who are ____ tend to ignore symptoms more than ____ people. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when med students learn about diseases and they start to think that they have one |
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Term
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Definition
| widespread symptoms across people even though tests indicate they do not have any medical issues |
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Term
| What type of symptoms are interpreted as more serious? |
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Definition
new
unexpected
disruptive
highly visible
affecting highly valued parts of the body |
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Term
| How can prior experience with illness affect accuracy or interpretation of symptoms? |
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Definition
it may decrease or increase accuracy
symptoms may be interpreted as signs of stress |
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Term
Common sense models of illness
Illness Identity
Causes and underlying pathology
Time line
Consequences |
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Definition
cognitive representation of illness developed through direct experience from available information
1. Identity- name and symptoms of the disease
2. Causes and underlying pathology - ideas concerning how one gets the disease
3. Time-line - how long disease takes to appear and last
4. Consequences - seriousness and outcomes |
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Term
| What is the best determinant of whether someone will seek help or medical care? |
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Definition
the type of symptoms they experience
-> if interpreted as more serious, they are more likely to seek medical help |
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Term
| What are some factors hat prevent people from seeking medical care? |
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Definition
Emotional states (anxiety, fear, expectation of pain, embarrassment)
or Social factors --> signs of weakness or Lay referral factors |
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Term
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Definition
| encouraging another person to seek treatment... may act as a social trigger in factors leading people from seeking medical care |
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Term
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Definition
the time that elapses between when a person first notices a symptom and seeking medical care
- not having pain is a major factor in how long this is |
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Term
| Describe the stages of treatment delay |
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Definition
1. Appraisal Delay - the time to interpret a symptom as an indication of illness
2. Illness Delay - time between recognizing that one is ill and deciding to seek medical attention
3. Utilization delay - time between deciding and actually seeking care |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which patient are unable to participate in their care or to make decisions because of their medical condition |
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Term
| Guidance Cooperation Model |
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Definition
| Communication in which the patient seeks advice from the physician and answers the questions that are asked, but the physician is responsible for determining the diagnosis and treatment |
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Term
| Mutual Participation model |
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Definition
this is a health care model in which the physician and patient make joint decisions about every aspect of care
* the ideal relationship between physician and patient |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which the patients carry out the behaviours and treatments that physicians and other health professionals recommend |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to follow the advice of health care professionals |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional modification of recommended treatment plan by the patient |
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Term
| What is the estimated adherence rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you measure adherence? |
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Definition
- physical estimates
- patient self-report (ask patient if they do what they are supposed to)
- family reports (ask family members if the patient does what they should)
- Objective methods (ex: blood test) |
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Term
| The degree of adherence is affected by characteristics of: (3) |
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Definition
illness/regimen
person
patient-physician interaction |
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Term
| Describe a few factors of the unfamiliar/strange environment of a hospital that affect patients' sick role |
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Definition
lack of privacy
strict rules and time schedules
restricted activities
little control over events
being dependent on others |
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Term
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Definition
| people's angry responses when they feel controlled, or that their freedom is threatened |
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Term
| The million behavioural health inventory |
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Definition
assess specific psychosocial factors and decision making issues relevant for medical patients
- coping style patients tend to help them in different ways
- negative health study
- stress
- could predict problems with treatments |
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Term
| The million behavioural health inventory |
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Definition
assess specific psychosocial factors and decision making issues relevant for medical patients
- coping style patients tend to help them in different ways
- negative health study
- stress
- could predict problems with treatments |
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Term
| The million behavioural health inventory |
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Definition
assess specific psychosocial factors and decision making issues relevant for medical patients
- coping style patients tend to help them in different ways
- negative health study
- stress
- could predict problems with treatments |
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Term
| The psychosocial adjustment to illness scale |
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Definition
assesses 7 psychosocial characteristics of life associated with adjustment to medical illness
- sexual health
- domestic habits
- social health |
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Term
| When does the terminal phase of care begin? |
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Definition
| when medical judgment indicates that the patient's condition is worsening and no treatment is available |
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Term
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Definition
| complementary alternative medicine |
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Term
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Definition
Treatments used along with conventional medicine
BOTH |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatments used instead of conventional medicine |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of CAM |
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Definition
manipulative and body-based methods
Biologically based methods
mind-body interventions
energy therapies
alternative medical systems |
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Term
| Manipulative and body-based methods |
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Definition
maneuvers to move parts of the body
massage chiropractor |
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Term
| Biologically-based methods |
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Definition
materials found in nature
herbs and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| use techniques for enhancing the mind's ability to manage body function and symptoms, as in progressive muscle relaxation and meditation |
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Term
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Definition
| employ known physical energy fields that are believed to exist and surround the body |
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Term
| What is homeopathic medicine? |
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Definition
| a type of alternative medicine, that is very different from the type of medicine in hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
-people who are influenced by religious or cultural backgrounds
- people in North America who are well educated, have beliefs consistent with the method, or their symptoms aren't improve with convenitional medicine |
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Term
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Definition
-people who are influenced by religious or cultural backgrounds
- people in North America who are well educated, have beliefs consistent with the method, or their symptoms aren't improve with convenitional medicine |
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Term
| What are the best types of CAM results for back pain? |
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Definition
| chiropractic and deep tissue massages |
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Term
| What is the criticism about CAM? |
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Definition
| their is little or no scientific evidence of safety or effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who pretends or claims to have more knowledge or skill than he or she possesses....need to avoid these people in CAM |
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Term
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Definition
most has little survival value
many surgical patients experience higher-than-necesssary pain
- discomfort patients experience with temporary medical conditions, lasting less than about 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
| when a painful condition lasts for longer than it is expected to, or for more than a few months |
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Term
| What does realization of chronic pain frequently lead to? |
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Definition
helplessness, hopelessness
risk of suicide
long-term psychosocial problems
impaired interrelationships |
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Term
| afferent (sensory) neurons |
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Definition
| nerve cells that conduct impulses from a sense ogran to the central nervous system, or from lower to higher levels in the spinal cord and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the afferent nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli |
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Term
| What happens when nocioreceptors are activated? |
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Definition
| they generate impulses that travel to the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| afferent peripheral nerve fibres that are associated with SHARP, DISTINCT pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the afferent peripheral fibers that are associated with transmitting DIFFUSE, DULL, ACHING pain |
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Term
| Where do peripheral nerve fibers enter the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do c-fibers transmit information more slowly than A-delta fibers? |
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Definition
| they aren't coated with myelin |
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Term
| the motivation and affective elements or pain appear to be more heavily determined by the ___ fibers, which send pain messages to the brain stem and lower portions of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| A delta fibers receive special attention in our _____ awareness |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of pain? |
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Definition
| it is a protective mechanism to bring into sonciousness the awareness of tissue damage |
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Term
| What is involved in pain in terms of physiology? |
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Definition
neurotransmitters
processes in the cerebral cortex are involved in cognitive judgements of pain |
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Term
| Gate Control Theory of Pain (textbook definition) |
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Definition
| an explanation of pain perception that proposes that a neural gate is in the spinal cord can modulate incoming pain signals. The opening and closing of the gate is influenced by messages that descend from the brain and by the amount of activity in pain fibers and other peripheral nerves |
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Term
| Gate Control Theory of Pain (class notes) |
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Definition
leading theory for over 25 years
proposed by Melzak and Wall
improved on other theories by recognizing that psychological factors have an impact on our perception of pain
- sensations are modified as they are conducted to the brain by way of the spinal cord
- info enters the dorsal horn via afferent nerurons
- a neural mechanism in the dorsal horn acts as a gate that can increase or decrease the flow of nerve impulses from peripheral fibers of the CNS, thereby influencing pain sensations |
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Term
Psychophysiological Measures of Pain
Name the three types |
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Definition
best used as supplements to self-reports and behavioural assessments (because they are affected by other factors)
1. Electromyograph (EMG) - measures muscle tension
2. Autonomic activity (example: heart rate)
3. Electroencephalograph - measures electrical activity |
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Term
| What are some of the main pain control techniques? |
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Definition
1. Surgical methods
2. Pharmacological (or chemical methods)
3. Behavioural methods
4. Cognitive methods
5. Stimulation therapies
6. Physical therapies
7. Multi-disciplinary programs (in pain clinics) |
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Term
| Surgical methods of pain control |
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Definition
a radical approach for treating chronic pain
- little evidence that these procedures are more effective in long term than non-surgical methods
- most appropriate when the patient is severely disabled and nonsurgical treatments have failed |
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Term
| What are the two types of surgical methods of pain control that we learned? |
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Definition
1. Synovectomy - the removal of the inflamed membrane in arthritic joints
2. Spinal fusion - join two or more vertebrae to treat severe back pain |
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Term
| What are the 4 pharmacological methods of pain control? |
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Definition
peripherally acting analgesics
centrally acting analgesics
local anesthetics
indirectly acting drugs |
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Term
| peripherally acting analgesics |
|
Definition
| inhibit the synthesis of nocioreceptors at site of damage |
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Term
| Centrally acting analgesics |
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Definition
| narcotics that bind to opiate receptors in the central nervous system, can alter the perception of change |
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Term
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Definition
| anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| affect non-pain conditions such as emotions, that produce or contribute to pain... ex: anti-depressants |
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Term
| What is the goal of behavioural methods of pain control? |
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Definition
to cope more efficiently/effectively with pain
reduce reliance on drugs |
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Term
| Types of behavioural methods of pain control |
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Definition
operant approach (reward and punishment)
relaxation and biofeedback |
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Term
| Cognitive methods of ACUTE pain control and CHRONIC pain control |
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Definition
focus more on negative aspects of experience that are linked to more pain
active vs. passive coping |
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Term
| What factors influence coping with pain? |
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Definition
| friends and family, and beliefs about pain |
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Term
| What are the types of cognitive methods for pain control |
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Definition
distraction: make you not think of the pain
nonpain (guided) imagery: you imagine something pleasant or imagine the pain being removed
redefinition: substituting constructive or realistic thoughts for those that arouse feelings of harm |
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Term
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Definition
involved the concept of reducing pain by creating another one (example, scratching an itch)
a type of stimulation therapy for pain |
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Term
| Why does counter-irritation work? |
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Definition
| because you get distracted from the stronger pain to a milder pain (and the gate theory proposes that that closes the gate) |
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Term
| Why does acupuncture work? |
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Definition
it produces analgesia in animals
might close pain gates or release opioids
it is direct/ a counter-irritation |
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Term
|
Definition
a variety of techniques to enhance strength and tissue flexibility
planned with therapist and patient to fit patient's needs |
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Term
| Multidisciplinary programs in pain clinics |
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Definition
includes
medical
psychological
physical therapy
occupational therapy
and vocational elements in both assessment and treatment |
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