Term
| Until the 1990's how was being "overweight" measured? |
|
Definition
| by degree of departure from desirable weight charts |
|
|
Term
| What is the current method of measuring overweight/obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical measurement which compares a person's weight and height |
|
|
Term
| On the BMI, when are people classified as overweight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the BMI, when are people considered obese? |
|
Definition
| When their BMI is = or > 30 |
|
|
Term
| How does the body store excess calories? |
|
Definition
| as adipose tissue, which consists of cells that vary in number and size |
|
|
Term
| What is the set point theory? |
|
Definition
| the theory that proposes that each person's body has a certain or "Set" weight that it strives to maintain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone that influences eating and metabolism through its action in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pancreas that speeds the conversion of blood sugar to fat |
|
|
Term
| Fat tissue is ____ metabolically active, so it contributes to ____ metabolic rate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the misconception about malfunctioning endocrine glands and obesity? |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands malfunctioning only explains a small percentage of obesity in people |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the hypothalamus in obesity? (2) |
|
Definition
1. affects the amount of enzymes that contribute to the functioning of fat cells
2. Regulates amount of insulin |
|
|
Term
| Name the psychosocial factors related to weight control (7) |
|
Definition
1. Emotions, including stress
2. Depression
3. Lifestyle patterns
4. External food-related cues
5. Sensitivity to the amount of fat in diet
6. Adjustment of intake of food
7. Sociocultural, gender and age differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| episodes in which a person eats far more than most people would, in a fairly short period and they feel unable to control that behaviour during that time |
|
|
Term
| How does drinking a lot of alcohol affect your weight? |
|
Definition
| it adds a lot of calories to your diet and reduces the body's disposal of fat |
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity to food-related cues |
|
Definition
Obese people are more sensitive to these cues
ex: obese people eat more when food tastes good, than if it tastes bad
ex: obese people are more susceptible to a dessert display or a waitresses description of a meal |
|
|
Term
| adjustment of intake of food |
|
Definition
| people tend to eat more if they have been served a large portion, and if the serving utensil is bigger, they tend to eat more |
|
|
Term
| Name some benefits of exercise on health |
|
Definition
1. Builds strength/endurance (reduces osteoporosis)
2. Psychosocial benefits (meet new people, more muscular typically=more attractive)
3. Physiological effects (prevents cardiovascular diseases,P
4. Decreases risk of some illnesses
5. Presents some risks |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the risks of exercising? |
|
Definition
- Risking collision (while running, or biking near traffic)
- Injury to bones or muscles from accidents or overstraining the body
- Sudden cardiac death
- use of anabolic steroids |
|
|
Term
| Why do industrialized countries not get enough exercise? |
|
Definition
| because people in these countries lead sedentary lifestyles due to technology or work at a desk |
|
|
Term
| In terms of gender, age and sociocultural differences, who gets enough exercise? |
|
Definition
| young, educated, upper socioeconomic, and people with a history of exercise |
|
|
Term
| What are some positive influences on exercising? |
|
Definition
1. high self-efficacy regarding ability to exercise
2. perceived susceptibility to illness (and thinking exercise can reduce that)
3. Enjoyment
5. Perceived barriers (personal-tired, environmental-cost,safety) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition produced by repeated consumption of a ntural or synthetic substance, in which the person has become physically and psychologically dependent on the substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body has adjusted to a substance and has incorporated it into "normal" functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an aspect of physical dependence
the process through which the body increasingly adapts to a substance, and requires larger doses to achieve the same effect
- At some point the increases reach a plateau |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an aspect of physical dependence
- unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms experienced when substance use is markedly reduced
- can include anxiety, irritability, intense cravings, hallucinations, nausea, headache, tremors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compulsion to use the substance for its effects, without necessarily being physically dependent on it. |
|
|
Term
| Does psychological or physical dependence usually occur first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common reasons given by people for not exercising? |
|
Definition
lack of time
no convenient place
too much stress
social influences and beliefs |
|
|
Term
| How does dependence on drugs develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To diagnose substance abuse, what are the circumstances that have to be present? |
|
Definition
One or more of the following:
1. Failure to fulfill important obligations
2. Putting self or others at risk or injury
3. Having substance related legal issues
4. Pathological use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs |
|
|
Term
| Are smoking rates inclining or declining? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what age category do we find the highest rates of smoking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most deadly habits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a few factors related to continuing to smoke (there are 11) |
|
Definition
1. At least one parent who smokes
2. Perception that parents are unconcerned/encourage smoking
3. Having siblings/friends who smoke
4. Receptiveness to tobacco advertisements
5. Peer pressure to smoke
6. Positive attitude about smoking
7. Low harm assessment for smoking
8. Believing they could quit smoking if one wants to
9. Nicotine crosses placenta during pregnancy and makes a child more susceptible to addictive affects of nicotine
10. Genetics
11. Insula, an area of the brain, controls desire to smoke |
|
|
Term
| What is CO's effect on blood? |
|
Definition
| it reduces blood's oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| Do tars affect our desire to smoke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the addictive chemical in cigarettes? |
|
Definition
| nicotine.. it arouses our body |
|
|
Term
| Prospective studies on smoking have linked smoking to what types of cancer? (7) |
|
Definition
lung
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
bladder
pancreas
kidney |
|
|
Term
| How does smoking affect the lungs? |
|
Definition
it causes irritation in cells below the surface of the lung and destroys the "protective cilia"
cilia are hairlike projections from certain cells in respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| Where does lung cancer originate? and why? |
|
Definition
| in the bronchial tubes, due to continuous contact of carcinogens |
|
|
Term
| Smokers are ____ to ___ times more likely to develop CAD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some risks of smoking (other than cardiovascular disease)? |
|
Definition
obstructive pulmonary disease
repsiratory infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of morbidity/mortality for women in Canada and in much of the world? |
|
Definition
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa |
|
Definition
- maintain weight 15% below normal weight
- fear of weight gain
- distorted body image
- absence of menstruation |
|
|
Term
| How can Anorexia lead to death? |
|
Definition
low blood pressure
heart damage
cardiac arrhythmias |
|
|
Term
| Do men or women suffer more from eating disorders? |
|
Definition
women
- 90-905% of all cases of anorexia are females
- 80% of all cases of bulimia are females |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa |
|
Definition
-Recurrent binge eating, followed by purging via vomiting or laxative use
- individuals are aware that their eating pattern is abnormal
- They are fearful of losing control of eating, and self-critical following a binge episode |
|
|
Term
| What are some medical problems associated with bulimia? |
|
Definition
inflammation of digestive tract
cardiac problems |
|
|
Term
| Though they are likely underestimates, what is the population prevalence for anorexia, and bulimia? |
|
Definition
anorexia - 0.5-1%
bulimia - 2% |
|
|
Term
| What have genetic studies with twins shown about anorexia and bulimia in twins? |
|
Definition
| both are more likely to have it, than just one |
|
|
Term
| What have genetic and physiological studies shown about anorexia and bulimia with regards to Neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| they are messed up and not functioning properly ... however the disease may be what caused that |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Anorexia and Bulimia? |
|
Definition
Genetic and physiological factors (twins, NTs)
Cultural factors (increased pressure to be skinny)
Cognitive factors |
|
|
Term
| What is the number one priority when treating someone with anorexia or bulimia? |
|
Definition
| to restore their normal weight |
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective type of treatment for bulimia? |
|
Definition
| cognitive behavioural therapy, and pharmacological therapy (anti-depressants) together |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major classification systems for diagnosing depressive disorders? |
|
Definition
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association --> DSM
the WHO's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) |
|
|
Term
| are women or men more likely to be affected by depression? |
|
Definition
| women are 2 times more likely to affected during their lifetime |
|
|
Term
| At what point in life do women feel the greatest impact of depression? |
|
Definition
| during childbearing years |
|
|
Term
| What is the perinatal stage? |
|
Definition
the period occurring around the time of birth... 5 months before, and one month after
- women in this life stage a susceptible to depression |
|
|
Term
| What groups of women are at greater risk for depression? (8)... name a few |
|
Definition
• Unemployed and working women
• Aboriginal women
• Immigrant/ethnic minorities women
• Lone or single mothers
• Women with history of abuse
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual women
• Women from low social economic status
• Women with comorbid physical disorders |
|
|
Term
| MD, or Major Depressive Disorder is characterized by having symptoms occurring for at least 2 weeks that include: |
|
Definition
• Persistent loss of interest in daily activities (most significant symptom)
• Persistent feeling sad or down
• Sleeping problems
• Trouble concentrating
• Unintentional weight gain or loss
• Irritability
• Feeling fatigued or weak
• Low-self esteem
• Loss of interest in sex
• Thoughts of suicide or suicidal behaviour
• Unexplained physical problems |
|
|
Term
| What are some biochemical/physiological factors related to depression? |
|
Definition
neurotransmitters that are linked to mood
hormonal imbalances
physical changes in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What are some gene related factors related to depression? |
|
Definition
having family members with depression --> more at risk
some specific genes such are serotonin transporter gene |
|
|
Term
| What are some environmental factors that may lead to depression? |
|
Definition
socialization
expectations
poverty
violence
abuse
high stress
low coping |
|
|
Term
Define Adjustment disorder
What brain structure does it affect? |
|
Definition
a severe emotional reaction to a difficult event in someone's life, it a stress related adjustment pushed to the extreme
- it affects the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of depression characterized by mood swings that change from highs to lows |
|
|
Term
| Cyclothymia or cyclothymic disorder |
|
Definition
| a milder form of bipolar disorder that involves cycles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a less severe, but more chronic form of depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression that occurs in new mothers, usually within a month of having a baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depression is severe and accompanied by psychosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needs the criteria for schizophrenia and depression |
|
|
Term
| seasonal affective disorder |
|
Definition
| a type of depression related to changes in seasons and lack of exposure to light |
|
|
Term
| Name some of the consequences of untreated depression |
|
Definition
1. Suicide
2. Alcohol abuse
3. Other substance abuse
4. Anxiety
5. Heart disease or other medical conditions
6. Work or school problems
7. Family conflicts
8. Relationship difficulties
9. Social isolation |
|
|
Term
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) |
|
Definition
- Affects 3-5% of women during menstrual cycles
-it is separate from PMS, and is the affective from of it
- these women might be at a greater risk for postpartum depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PMS
- tension
- physical emotions
- psychological symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depression during pregnancy and the first year following childbirth
- in 1st trimester, depression rates are match to those of age-matched non-depressed women (7%)
- in 2nd and 3rd, depression rates are high (12%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 50%-80% of mothers experience it
- a period of mild depression, mood instability, and anxiety following birth, that can last for a few hours to 10 days
- it is not clinical depression, transient and needs no treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10-15% of women meet the criteria for MD within 1 to 12 months after childbirth
- physical/psychological states leading to anxiety and depression due to hormonal changes, concerns about parenting skills etc.
- needs treatment
- depression may last from 2 to 6 months |
|
|
Term
| What is an extreme symptom of postpartum depression? |
|
Definition
puerperal psychosis
- suicidal ideation
- hallucination, delusions
- infanticide
They have to be hospitalized if this happens |
|
|
Term
| What are the strong predictors of postpartum depression? |
|
Definition
depression or anxiety during pregnancy
stressful recent events
poor social support
previous history of depression |
|
|
Term
| Moderate predictors of postpartum depression |
|
Definition
childcare stress
low self-esteem
maternal neuroticism (tendency to experience negative feelings)
difficult infant temperament |
|
|
Term
| Small predictors of postpartum depression |
|
Definition
pregnancy/birth complications
negative cognitive attributions
single martial status
poor relationship with partner
lower SES ? |
|
|
Term
| what is transient hypercortisolism? |
|
Definition
| Maternal cortisol levels increase dramatically until they tripe at the third trimester |
|
|
Term
| 50% of depresses, untreated patients have increased_____ levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the length of gestation? |
|
Definition
| normal activation of the HPA axis during pregnancy may function like a biological clock and determine gestation |
|
|
Term
| What typically protects the fetus from excessive cortisol of the mother during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can having maternal stress hormones, including cortisol, predispose pregnant women to? |
|
Definition
high blood pressure
pre-exlampsia
early and difficult delivery |
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