Term
| Early 1950's genetic studies on smoking |
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Definition
Twin studies compared MZ and DZ twins showed that MZ had higher smoking concordance suggesting genetic component.
However, no smoking gene identified.
Gene X Environment interaction possible
Attractiveness or similarity may play a role, treatment. |
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Term
3 Levels of Alcohol abuse
(don't rely on amount consumed, but rather the individual response to alcohol.
-How functioning affected, and feeling the need to cut back |
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Definition
1. Abuse innapropriate use, sometimes affects daily functioning, can't socially function w/o alcohol
2. Problem drinking frequently affects daily functioning, symptoms of alcoholic
3. Alcoholism profoundly affects daily functioning, physical dependence including withdrawal symptoms and high tolerance. |
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Term
How chronic stress leads to disease
3 consequences of high BP without metabolic component (exercise). |
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Definition
Vascular resistance is increased musculature in blood vessels as a result of blood pressure increase, media becomes harder.
Left ventricular hypertrophy- ventricle becomes enlarged due to high volume of oxygenated blood being pumped, results in irregular heartbeat.
Atherosclerotic plaque increase is caused by damage at vascular bifurcations, and an inflammatory response causes further collection of platelets, cholestoral and fat to be caught up forming plaques, clogged arteries. Causes CHD by way of narrowing arteries |
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Term
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Definition
Measure C-Reactive protein
-secreted from liver in response to injury
-amplifies inflammatory response, trapping cholestoral and other plaque at site of inflammation.
-linked to vascular disease
Endothelial cells linked to vascular disease and to increased inflammation. |
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Term
Cardiovascular disease
Definition
2 main causes
How to diagnose |
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Definition
Excessive blood in vessels, increasing pressure on arteries.
-hypertension or high BP
-only doctor can detect
5% kidneys disregulation of renin, 90% chronic unknown
Diagnosed with Sphygmometer but careful of white coat hypertension vs grey coat hypertension. AMBP for grey coat. |
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Term
Coronary Heart Disease
Heart attack |
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Definition
CHD is an Illness caused by atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction-extended deprivation of oxygen, symptom is angina-shortness of breath, HR, dizzy, nausea, sweating, weakness |
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Term
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Definition
Sphygmometer- in lab, intrusive into research protocol, uncomfortable arm cuff
AMBP- in out of lab, non intrusive or invasive since no social interaction, discomfort.
Finger arterial pressure-continuous beat to beat BP, non invasive and comfortable but expensive. |
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Term
Stroke
2 causes
Symtoms-numbness on one side of face, confusion, trouble speaking and understanding, walking dizzy, seeing, headache |
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Definition
Blood flow is temporarily stopped to brain, so no oxygen supply.
1. Plaque buildup causes blood clot to form. Thrombi-stationary emboli is circulating blood clot
cerebral hemorrhage
-cerebral blood vessels rupture
-leakage compresses nervous tissue
High stress, Men, black people, Low SES John H all risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
Pure recovery-recovery of exact motor, sensory patterns as before. Rare
Behavioral compensation-restoration of performance through alternative response strategies, usually in motor skills
Neural plasticity-changes in strength of synapses allowing for neural recovery post stroke
-diffuse connectivity-widespread distribution of neural networks so brain can route signals in other pathways already in place
ability to remap neural networks- penumba is area surrounding stroke with damaged neurons which can be used in remapping |
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Term
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Definition
Uncontrolled growth of neo-plastic tissue cells
-form by mutation which leads to dysfunction of cell DNA which controls growth and reproduction
-rapid out of control growth
-parasitic-can overwhelm host
Benign-cancerous neoplastic cells but localized
Malignant invade and destroy surrounding tissue, can metastasize through blood and lymph elsewhere in body. |
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Term
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Definition
Carcinoma-epithelial cells which are inner/outer body surfaces
Sarcoma-connective tissue, bones, muscles, cartilage
Leukemia- blood or blood forming cells-bone marrow
Lymphoma-cancer of lymph |
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Term
Cancer Defense
Increased during Acute, decreased during Chronic |
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Definition
Natural Killer Cells- part of cell mediated response, Cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells suppressing their growth
Tumor Necrosis factor-a is a pro-inflammatory cytokine
-inhibits virus replication and tumor growth |
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Term
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Definition
Human Immunodeficiency virus infects helper T cells (cell mediated response) of immune system
Retrovirus- incorporoates own DNA into DNA of helper T Cell, and infected cell spreads during bodies immune response
Virions-mature HIV proteins infect other T cells
-Immune response is triggered it spreads. |
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Term
| Four Stages of HIV infection |
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Definition
Stage 1:Primary infection 1-8 weeks
-most HIV microbes destroyed
-Non specific immune response of fever, decreased concentration
Stage 2: clinically asymptomatic, and may last for months or years, HIV is still replicating during immune response
Stage:3 less healthy T cells so opportunistic infections occurring
Stage 4: Aquired Immune Deficiency when Th cell lower than 200, opportunistic infections, neurological symptoms since HIV attacks neaurons, memory language impaired
-Aids dementia complex-paranoia hallucinations, memory loss. |
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Term
Treating HIV (AIDS)
HAART regimen |
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Definition
Highly Active Anti-Retro-viral Therapy
- 6 drug classes
-NNRII's inhibit production of transcriptase which is enzyme HIV needs to reproduce.
-Portease inhibitor blocks production of virions, so fewer invasion of helper T cells
-Virus adapts after period of time
-3 HIV meds from 2+ drug classes needed at one time |
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Term
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Definition
normal tissue attacked, mistaken for foreign antigen
attacked by auto antibody. |
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Term
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Definition
| attacks bodies own cells, like lupus |
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Term
| Trans-theoretical model of Behavioral change |
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Definition
Occurs on conscious level 5 stages in order spiral, takes in temporal aspect of behavioral change.
1 precontemplation- others may influence, but not intending to change
2 contemplation-considering change but not committed
3 preperation- small change not fully committed.
4 action actively modifying behavior, commitment to limit, and change behavior
5 maintenance- Sustained change for six months |
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Term
| Perceived Social Connectedness and smoking |
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Definition
MZ, DZ, Siblings
IV: perceived social connectedness time spent together, mutual friends and smoking behavior
DV: #days smoked past 30
Results Main effect of MZ but highest was MZ and DZ interaction at high social connectedness |
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Term
Alcohol use during pregnancy
(not a single drop campaign) |
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Definition
IV drinking behavior while pregnant: Never, drinks but not while pregnant, light, moderate, heavy.
DV: childrens emotional and cognitive development at age 5: hyperactivity, attention, spatial skills
Results U shape, light and moderate drinkers have lowest symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Go-no go task and self reported drinking
Self reported drinking predicted inhibition errors |
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Term
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Definition
Angry rumination increased drinks/week
Depressive decreased drinks/week
Drinking may mitigate high arousal, negative emotions |
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Term
Methods of smoking cessation
Cold turkey vs cutting down |
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Definition
Pharmaceutical intervention-prescription or psychological intervention cognitive therapy
Participants who elected to quit cold turkey more likely to report having quit
didn't manipulate though |
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Term
| Cessation and Self Efficacy |
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Definition
IV: phone intervention or not for HS seniors
DV: 6 month abstinence
Intervention led to abstinence self efficacy which led to abstinence. |
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Term
| Alcohol intervention w college students |
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Definition
Cognitive Behavioral training (biofeedback about BAC content, relapse prevention skills, how to identify antecedents to drinking, refusal skills, simulated bar to break association w alcohol) or alcohol
DV:drinks per week after 4, 8, 12 months
Results: CBT drank sig less |
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Term
| Will intervening before Alcohol prevent occurrence |
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Definition
IV: preventative alcohol training vs control
-motivational interview, personal BAC monitoring card
DV: frequency of drinking post test 6 mo, 1 year, 2 year
Results: intervention decreased drinking all times |
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Term
| Blood pressure and Hostility |
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Definition
Trait hostility and ABPM measures with diary data of mood and social interaction
Negative social interaction leads to high BP moderated by trait hostility |
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Term
| Blood pressure and Discrimination |
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Definition
AMBP and measured perceived discrimination
P's who experienced perceived discrimination had higher daytime BP and failed to have dip in BP before sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
Video of patients describing symptoms of CHD
IV:Gender
Results Males given more CHD diagnosis, women given more mental health diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
IV: trait JH or low
Anger recall task-autobiographical event that made them angry, tap into experience and decide how to cope
DV: BP
Trait John Henryism had higher BP at rest, during and after anger recall task
-chronic elevation of BP indicative of dysregulation and SES, but educational attainment |
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Term
| BP and A or B personality |
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Definition
IV: A or B, trait hostility high or low
DV: systolic BP
Results: A is most important factor, but hostility also |
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Term
| Type D personality and BP |
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Definition
IV: D vs non D
Mental arithmetic stress induction
DV: Cardiac output
Type D had higher spike |
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Term
| Stroke and Psychological distress |
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Definition
14 year longitudinal study
Stroke incidence and psychological distress
Men scoring high on distress significantly more likely to die form stroke |
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Term
| Acute stress and NK cells |
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Definition
Medical news
IV: good, curable or bad medical news to fictitious patient, and control group
DV: NK cells
Results: showed increase in NK cell count with bad news |
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Term
| Chronic Stress and NK cells |
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Definition
longitudinal measure of 4 month unemployed vs employed
DV: NK cells
Unemployed group had lower NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
Self blame essay or neutral topic
DV: TNF-a
Self blame had higher immune responding |
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Term
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Definition
School teachers emotional exhaustion
Emotionally exausted predicted lower resting levels of TNF-a |
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Term
| Stress and tumor growth in mice |
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Definition
Isolated or group housed and injected with neoplastic cells in liver
DV: liver weight
Higher in isolated mice, NK higher in group |
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Term
| Progression to Aids and Stress |
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Definition
IV: # stressful events + perceived stress
DV: developed aids
High stress means more likely to develop aids |
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Term
| Cd4+ count, perceived stress and social support |
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Definition
correlation design
percieved stress, plasma oxytocin, CD4 count
Percieved stress predicted decreased CD4 with low plasma oxytocin, but predicted increased CD4 with high oxytocin |
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Term
| Viral load and cognitive behavioral stress |
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Definition
IV: Medication Adherence Training or MAT+ Cognitive Behavioral stress managment with relaxation and coping skills
DV: viral load
Results MAT+CBSM decreased viral load, MAT alone increased |
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Term
| Autoimmunity and social stress |
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Definition
Measured daily social stress and disease state, stable or flairups
Social relationship stress found to predict flair ups |
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Term
| Auto Immunity and stress management |
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Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
IV:stress management relaxation techiques, coping skills or info control group, or no info control
DV: pain- indicates disease state and inflammation
Stress management had least amount of pain behaviors. |
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Term
Neurotic ism and symptom detection
Boredom and symptom detection |
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Definition
P's injected w cold virus
Higher neuroticism predicts # symptoms but not virus amount
Boredom leads to more coughs mediated by physical symptoms in movie |
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Term
| Smoking cessation and misattribution of symptoms |
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Definition
IV: 2 groups told drug is safe, but incompatible with smoking. one group explained the side effects of nicotine withdrawal as those of the drug.
First group easier to stop nicotine as control group recognized symptoms as withdrawal. |
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Term
| Exectation about premenstrual symptoms |
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Definition
eeg
told x phase, in y phase
manipulation affected expected menstrual cycle. |
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Term
| health habits: linked to health outcomes |
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Definition
| seven health factors for longevity, longitdinal 9-12 years predicted decreased illlness, disabilities and mortality, but not manipulated so perhaps SES access to exercise. |
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Term
Executive function and health behavior
organizing and regulating basic behaviors, attention, memory |
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Definition
Stroop task- identify color of word
measures executive function
DV: health behavior
Stroop response latency predicted smoking, drinking, and sleep difficulty |
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Term
| Worry regret and flu vaccination |
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Definition
Survey on percieved risk of Risk perception of flu, and anticipated worry/ regret about flue, and intent to vaccinate
Health threat anonymously sent prior to survey
Risk perception predicted anticipated worry regret, which predicted intent to vaccinate. Mediator was anticipated worry/regret |
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Term
| Self objectification and disordered eating |
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Definition
self objectification leads to body shame and disordered eating
body shame is mediator |
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