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CWI TEST
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Post-Graduate
04/21/2014
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Term
The effective throat of a complete penetration groove weld shall be
 Definition
The thickness of the thinner part joined
Term
When welding lengthwise connecting two round bars, the proper symbol would be
 Definition
Flare V Groove weld
Term
Fillet welds may be used to connect skewed T joints provided the plates are set at an angle of not less than
 Definition
30°
Term
The minimum thickness for a plug weld in material 1" thick shall be
 Definition
5/8"
Term
Welding shall not be done when:
 Definition
When ambient temperature is lower than 0°F or
Surfaces are wet or exposed to rain, snow, or
high wind or When welders are exposed to in-
clement conditions.
Term
When ambient temperature is lower than 0°F or
Surfaces are wet or exposed to rain, snow, or
high wind or When welders are exposed to in-
clement conditions.
 Definition
AWSA5.17 & A5.23
Term
When welding 5/16" plate in the field, a welder must be certified for
 Definition
Structural
Term
Re-entrant copes shall have a minimum radius of:
 Definition
1"
Term
Where tight fit of intermediate stiffeners is specified, it shall be defined as allowing a gap of up to
 Definition
1/16"
Term
Spatter is caused by
 Definition
Welding current too high or arc length too long
Term
In order to insure sound welds at the ends of a joint. The following shall be used
 Definition
Extension bars & runoff plates
Term
In repairing cracks in a weld, remove the crack and sound weld metal how far beyond each end of the crack
 Definition
2"
Term
The removal of slag from a deposited weld bead is:
 Definition
Mandatory
Term
What electrodes have low hydrogen coating?
 Definition
Electrodes ending 5, 6, or 8.
Term
With which process would an ER70S-X electrode be used
 Definition
GMAW
Term
Oven storage of low hydrogen electrodes is:
 Definition
To avoid damage by atmospheric moisture
Term
Welded joints not pre-qualified shall be:
 Definition
Qualified
Term
Welder certification may be waived by
 Definition
No one
Term
Peening is not permitted on
 Definition
Root and surface layers of welds
5.27
Term
The suggested minimum nominal thickness of backing bars for SMAW process is
 Definition
3/16
Term
Pre-heat and interpass temperatures must be sufficient to
 Definition
Prevent crack formation
Term
Low hydrogen electrodes exposed to the atmosphere for longer periods then that permitted by codes shall be £
redried no more than
 Definition
One time
Term
The minimum effective length of a fillet weld shall be:
 Definition
Overall length of full size fillet including boxing
Term
Caulking of welds; What is it and is it permitted
 Definition
Caulking of welds is to plastically deform weld or base metal surfaces to seal or obscure discontinuities as undercut, piping porosity, pin holes,
cracks, etc. Caulking is not permitted on most
metals.
Term
In gas metal arc welding the electrode is:
 Definition
Consumable
Term
The effective area of a fillet weld is:
 Definition
The effective weld length X the effective throat.
Term
The minimum length of an intermittent fillet weld shall be:
 Definition
1 1/2"
Term
The 'U' in joint designation TC-U9a refers to:
 Definition
Metal thickness, U = Unlimited
Term
Arc strikes outside the area of permanent welds should be:
 Definition
Avoided
Term
Base metal specification may be found in:
 Definition
ASTM
Term
Information regarding back gouging of roots in a single bevel groove weld without backing is found in footnote
section:
 Definition
Note 4
Term
What is the required root opening for the SMA welded CJP single-U-groove weld:
 Definition
0 to 1/8"
Term
When spacers are used in the double-bevel groove weld, the weld is not to be complete until:
 Definition
Spacer removed by gouging to sound metal be-fore welding second side.
Term
The size of the spacer for double-V groove weld using a 30° bevel and welded in the overhead position shall be:
 Definition
1/8" X 3/8"
Term
What is the required root opening for a single-V-groove weld to a back-up strip welded in the vertical position
at 20° angle:
 Definition
1/2"
Term
A single J-groove weld preparation in the horizontal position shall be made with SMAW & groove angle of:
 Definition
45°
Term
What is the root opening for a partial joint penetration square groove weld butt joint of material 1/4" thick:
 Definition
1/8"
Term
A break in the arrow shaft in the symbol in the single bevel groove weld indicates:
 Definition
Which plate to chamfer
Term
What is the maximum base metal thickness in a single bevel groove weld:
 Definition
U = Unlimited
Term
What is the included angle of preparation for the double-V-groove weld. Using a spacer and a 1/2" root
 Definition
20°
Term
In an E70 1 8 electrode, what does the E designate?
 Definition
Electrode
Term
Before welding a joint, the surfaces to be welded shall be free of what?
 Definition
Scale, slag, rust, moisture, grease, etc.
Term
If a welder is qualified by testing in 3/8 inch thick tubular structural steel in the 6-GR position CJP using a
E701 8 electrode, is the welder qualified to weld a PJP on 1 inch thick Structural Steel plate in the vertical down
position?
 Definition
NO
Term
It is usually good practice to oscillate which of the mild steel SMAW electrodes
 Definition
E6010 & E6011
Term
The E7024 electrode may be used in what positions?
 Definition
Flat and horizontal
Term
Which of the SMAW electrodes has an iron powder covering?
 Definition
Electrodes with last digit "4"
Term
Which of the SMAW electrodes has an iron powder and low-hydrogen covering?
 Definition
Electrodes with last digit "8"
Term
Which welding process would an E7018 electrode be used with?
 Definition
SMAW
Term
Which welding process would an E70T-X electrode be used with?
 Definition
FCAW
Term
Single bevel groove, with 45° angle and backing, the root opening must be what?
 Definition
1/4"
Term
The maximum size of a fillet weld in the flat position, and in one pass shall be how much?
 Definition
3/8"
Term
Continuous solid wire electrode ( E70S-X ) used in semi-automatic welding would be used in which process?
 Definition
GMAW
Term
Members distorted by welding may be straightened by application of limited amounts of localized heat. The
temperature of heated areas as measured by approved methods shall not exceed how much for Quenched and
tempered ( Q. & T.) steel nor how much for other steels.?
 Definition
Q&T1100°F, Other 1200°F
Term
What is the minimum thickness of material to be used for weld washers?
 Definition
0.05"
Term
When parts are to be fillet welded, in a lap joint of material under 3" thick the allowable separation of faying
surfaces shall not exceed how much?
 Definition
3/16" Max
Term
The maximum size electrode allowed for the root pass of an overhead fillet weld is what diameter?
 Definition
5/32"
Term
What is the maximum permitted carbon equivalent for reinforcing steel that may be welded without prior qualification
tests?
 Definition
0.65 %
Term
The first 7 in the E71T-7 designates what?
 Definition
The tensile strength in 10,000's of psi
Term
The last digit "7" in E7027 designates what?
 Definition
Type of flux coating on electrode - Iron powder /
Iron oxide; & type of current used - AC or
DCEN.
Term
When welding a flat fillet root pass, the largest allowable electrode is what diameter?
 Definition
3/16"
Term
The "S" in E70S-3 designates what?
 Definition
GMAW - Solid wire electrode
Term
The digit "1" in E7018 indicates that welding is to be in what positions?
 Definition
All positions
Term
Which of the SMAW electrodes has an iron powder and iron oxide covering?
 Definition
SMAW mild steel electrodes where last digit is
"7", ie. E6027
Term
The E6011 electrode will give more penetration than all other SMAW electrodes except what?
 Definition
E6010only
Term
The "60" in E6011 indicates what
 Definition
60,000 psi Tensile strength
Term
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld is computed by measuring the shortest distance between what two
points?
{AW
 Definition
The root to the face
Term
Low hydrogen shielded metal arc electrodes shall be protected from moisture. The E70XX low hydrogen electrodes
shall be returned to an oven within what period of time?
 Definition
4 hours
Term
In butt weld root pass in the horizontal position,the thickness of weld metal that may be built up behind the ad-
vancing arc shall be how large?
 Definition
5/16"
Term
Between "Structural Welding Code - Steel" Dl.l and "Structural Welding Code - Sheet Steel" D1.3, there is M
a metal thickness overlap of the minimum for Dl.l and the maximum for D1.3. How much overlap of metal
thickness is there?
 Definition
0.055 = approx. 1/16 inch.
Term
Even if prior qualification is made, what is the maximum permitted carbon equivalent for reinforcing steel that
is to be welded?
 Definition
0.75%
Term
In which positions is 1/2" the maximum size allowed for a fillet weld made in one pass?
 Definition
Vertical
Term
Using DC straight polarity, the electrode is which; . . . . positive, negative or neutral
 Definition
Negative
Term
The minimum preheat and interpass temperature for ASTM A572 grade 60 structural steel 2" thick welded with ™
SMAW process is how much?
 Definition
225°F
Term
The minimum preheat and interpass temperature for structural steel 1/2" welded with the SMAW process and
an electrode other than Low Hydrogen is how much?
 Definition
32°F
Term
The largest electrode permitted when welding in the flat position is what diameter
 Definition
5/16"
Term
E7018 electrodes are used with what type of welding current
 Definition
AC & DCEP
Term
Should back-up strips or bars be removed from all welds? Explain
 Definition
No; Not mandatory but permissible
Term
Shielded metal arc electrodes with low hydrogen covering shall be kept dry in storage ovens. Low hydrogen
electrodes of the E80XX series when taken from the oven shall be used within what period of time?
 Definition
2 hours
Term
Except for root pass, the largest electrode permitted for out of position welding is what diameter
 Definition
1/4
Term
Reverse polarity means that the electrode is which; .. . positive, negative or netural ?
 Definition
Positive
Term
What does "CJP" in the tail specifications part of a weld symbol mean?
 Definition
Complete Joint Penetration
Term
What kind of metal is classified as 6061-T6?
 Definition
Aluminum
Term
Safety precautions shall conform to the latest edition of what specification published by the American Welding
Society?
 Definition
ANSI/AWSZ49.1
Term
If the tensile strength of a single pass weld made with an E6010 electrode is 60,000 p.s.i. what would the tensile
strength of a six pass weld be?
 Definition
60,000 psi
Term
The amount of lap required for a fillet welded lap joint shall be at least five times the thickness of the thinner
plate not less than how much?
 Definition
1 inch
Term
Backing strips are used to prevent melting through roots of grooves welds by using what for backing material?
 Definition
Metal, weld metal, carbon,flux, gas, glass tape, etc.
Term
The minimum angle of the plates in a skewed T joint, to be welded with fillet weld, shall not be less than how
many degrees to be considered as effective in transmitting applied force?
 Definition
30°
Term
The minimum thickness of a plug or slot weld in 3/8" plate is how much?
 Definition
3/8"
Term
The largest size of crater permitted and left at the end of a weld is how much?
 Definition
No crater of any size is allowed
Term
A fillet weld when measured for size shall be measured how?
 Definition
Leg length of the largest inscribed isosceles rt.
triangle
Term
what are the education and experience requirements for a CWI? CAWI?
 Definition
CWI: 5 years experience, or 3 years & a technical degree; CAWI: 2 years experience, or 6 months & a technical degree
Term
welding inspectors can be categorized how?
 Definition
1) code or governing body; 2) purchaser's, customer's, or owner's (QA); 3) fabricator's, manufacturer's, or contractor's (QC); 4) architect's or engineer's
Term
what document(s) cover(s) safety in welding and cutting?
 Definition
ANSI Z49.1
Term
which is most general of the following terms: code, standard, specification?
 Definition
standard
Term
ASME B31.1 & B31.3 cover what subjects?
 Definition
B31.1 covers pressure vessels and power piping, B31.3 covers chemical process piping
Term
Interpass temperatures are measured what distance from the joint?
 Definition
1"
Term
What topics are covered by ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code sections V, VIII, & IX?
 Definition
V covers nondestructive examination; VIII covers Unfired Pressure Vessels, and IX covers Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Term
In structural applications, when the metal thickness is less than 1/8", what AWS code applies?
 Definition
AWS D1.3 - sheet metal
Term
Fillet welds may be measured using a tolerance of :____
 Definition
-1/32"
Term
is the name of the document that prescribes the details of how a weld must be performed.
 Definition
WPS - Welding Procedure Specification
Term
When it is impractical for the welding inspector t witness all tests and observe all welds during production, what kind of inspection results?
 Definition
random-partial
Term
the welding inspector is responsible for judging acceptability of a product in accord with what?
 Definition
a written document
Term
which code choices are available for taking AWS QC1 CWI/CAWI exams?
 Definition
AWS D1.1; API 1104; AWS D1.2 (structural aluminum); AWS D1.5 (Bridge); AWS D15.1 (Railroad); ASME VII & IX; ASME IX, B31.1, & B31.3
Term
AWS D1.1 specifies that nondestructive testing must be performed by an individual qualified in accordance with what document?
 Definition
SNT-TC-1a
Term
ASME B31.1 & B31.3 cover what subjects?
 Definition
B31.1 covers pressure vessels and power piping, B31.3 covers chemical process piping
Term
Interpass temperatures are measured what distance from the joint?
 Definition
1"
Term
welding symbols are defined in what publication?
 Definition
AWS A2.4
Term
What topics are covered by ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code sections V, VIII, & IX?
 Definition
V covers nondestructive examination; VIII covers Unfired Pressure Vessels, and IX covers Welding and Brazing Qualifications
Term
In structural applications, when the metal thickness is less than 1/8", what AWS code applies?
 Definition
AWS D1.3 - sheet metal
Term
which code choices are available for taking AWS QC1 CWI/CAWI exams?
 Definition
AWS D1.1; API 1104; AWS D1.2 (structural aluminum); AWS D1.5 (Bridge); AWS D15.1 (Railroad); ASME VII & IX; ASME IX, B31.1, & B31.3
Term
for fillet welds on material greater than 1" thick or greater, what is the allowable undercut? Are there exceptions?
 Definition
1/16", no exceptions
Term
in cases of dispute over welding terms, what document prevails?
 Definition
AWS A3.0
Term
the standard describing the requirements for welding cross-country pipeline is:
 Definition
API 1104
Term
acetylene becomes unstable above what pressure?
 Definition
15psi
Term
safety training is mandated under the provisions of what agency?
 Definition
OSHA
Term
Name the ending numbers in the classification E-70XX for low hydrogen SMAW electrodes
 Definition
70X5, 70X6, 70X8
Term
Name the position numbers in the classification of E-70XX SMAW electrodes
 Definition
701X is all positions, 702X is flat and horizontal only
Term
T or F: according to AWS D1.1, steel backing on groove welds must be continuous.
 Definition
TRUE
Term
At what level are currents considered "primary shock currents" and hence dangerous?
 Definition
6mA
Term
what is the most common ASTM structural steel? What is its minimum yield strength? What is its minimum Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)?
 Definition
A-36, 36ksi (36,000 psi), and 58ksi
Term
AWS D1.1 states that all surfaces to be welded and surfaces adjacent must be free from what elements?
 Definition
thick scale, slag, moisture, rust, grease, and other foreign material. Paint & mill scale (not loose or thick) are acceptable
Term
what is the numerical designation for the AWS filler metal specification "Carbon Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes"?
 Definition
A5.1
Term
what is the numerical designation for the AWS filler metal specification "Low Alloy Steel Covered Arc Welding Electrodes"?
 Definition
A5.5
Term
The American Welding Society certifies welding inspectors according to what document?
 Definition
AWS QC1
Term
what topics do the sections of AWS D1.1 cover?
 Definition
1) General Requirements; 2) Design of Welded Connections; 3) Prequalification of WPSs; 4)Qualification; 5) Fabrication; 6) Inspection; 7) Stud Welding; 8) Strengthening and Repair of Existing Structures
Term
what are the two kinds of welding inspectors defined by the AWS D1.1? What are their roles?
 Definition
Fabrication/Erection (QC), and Verification (QA)
Term
"Authorized Inspector" is a term associated with what? By what organization are they certified?
 Definition
an "Authorized Inspector" is one who has bottom-line QC responsibility; they are certified by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors
Term
How often are new editions of the AWS AD1.1 published?
 Definition
every 2 years
Term
what does the "Code of Ethics" of the AWS QC1 consider to be the most important obligation of a welding inspector
 Definition
public safety
Term
what is a MTR?
 Definition
Material Test Report
Term
For material less than 1" thick what is the maximum allowable undercut in a fillet weld? Are there exceptions?
 Definition
1/32" exception: up to 1/16" for any accumulated length up to 2" in 12"
Term
the term "Contract Documents" refers to what?
 Definition
1) all applicable codes; 2) the (structural) plans; 3) the specifications
Term
what is a specification?
 Definition
a document that describes the requirements for a particular object or component
Term
what is a weld discontinuity?
 Definition
an interruption in the typical structure of the material
Term
what is a weld defect?
 Definition
a discontinuity or discontinuities that render a product unacceptable
Term
what is an RFI?
 Definition
Request For Information
Term
the maximum atmospheric exposure time allowed by AWS D1.1 for E-7018 electrodes is what?
 Definition
4 hours
Term
According to AWS D1.1, the separation between faying surfaces of butt joints landing on a backing bar cannot exceed what amount?
 Definition
1/16"
Term
what is the national organization for concrete and soils technicians?
 Definition
ASCET
Term
under the provisions of AWS D1.1, who is ultimately and legally responsible for assuring that the welders are certified?
 Definition
the contractor
Term
most often, preheat and interpass temperatures are measured using what?
 Definition
temperature-indicating crayons (also contact pyrometer)
Term
when the base metal must be preheated prior to welding, AWS D1.1 specifies that the arts must be heated to the required minimum for at least how far in all directions prior to welding?
 Definition
3" (or thickness of material, whichever is greater))
Term
ASTM is an abbreviation for what?
 Definition
American Society for Testing and Materials
Term
once removed from their original containers, AWS D1.1 requires that low-hydrogen electrodes be maintained in electrode ovens at what minimum temperature?
 Definition
250°F
Term
What is an ITL?
 Definition
Independent Testing Laboratory
Term
A CWI or CAWI must have passed what eye test(s)?
 Definition
20/40 with or without correction and Jaeger J-2 at 12" near vision acuity (color test may be required by employer, but is not required by AWS)
Term
pi
 Definition
A constant number, derived by diving the diameter of a circle into its circumference. It is 3.14159 (5 places).
Term
notch toughness
 Definition
The ability of a metal to absorb energy without failure when surface notches are present.
Term
plastic behavior
 Definition
Permanent deformation of a metal under applied load. The metal does not return to its original shape after the load is removed.
Term
API 1104
 Definition
The API Standard, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities. This standard is often used in construction of cross-country pipelines.
Term
ASNT
 Definition
American Society in Nondestructive Testing. The technical society which provides technical guidance for NDE.
Term
AWS
 Definition
American Welding Society. The technical society which provides technical guidance and leadership in all phases of welding.
Term
AWS A3.0
 Definition
The AWS Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. This standard defines welding-related terms with standard definitions.
Term
ASME
 Definition
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The technical society which provides technical guidance for pressure containing vessels and equipment.
Term
AWS B1.10
 Definition
The AWS Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds.
Term
AWS B1.11
 Definition
The AWS Guide for the Visual Examination of Welds.
Term
AWS B5.11
 Definition
The AWS Specification for the Qualification of Radiographic Interpreters.
Term
AWS D1.1
 Definition
The AWS Structural Welding Code - Steel. Used worldwide for construction of buildings and structures.
Term
AWS D1.5
 Definition
The AWS Bridge Welding Code used in the U.S. for construction of bridges.
Term
AWS D15.1
 Definition
The AWS Railroad Welding Specification - Cars and Locomotives. This specifications covers welding of railroad cars and locomotives.
Term
CAWI
 Definition
Certified Associate Welding Inspector
Term
CWI
 Definition
Certified Welding Inspector
Term
KASH
 Definition
An acronym for Knowledge, Attitude, Skills, and Habits, the basic tools of a welding inspector.
Term
NDE
 Definition
Nondestructive Examination. The act of determining the suitability of some material or component for its intended purpose using techniques that do not affect its serviceability. NDE is the preferred term per ANSIIAWS.
Term
NDI
 Definition
Nondestructive Inspection. A nonstandard term for non destructive examination (see NDE).
Term
NDT
 Definition
Nondestructive Testing. A nonstandard term for nondestructive examination (see NDE).
Term
QC1
 Definition
The AWS Standard for AWS Certification of Welding Inspectors. Defines the requirements and program for the AWS to certify welding inspectors.
Term
SCWI
 Definition
Senior Certified Welding Inspector
Term
SNT-TC-1A
 Definition
This ASNT Recommended Practice, Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing, outlines the certification program for NDT technicians.
Term
AC
 Definition
Alternating current; in the U.S., the polarity alternates at 60 cycles per second.
Term
alloy
 Definition
A substance with metallic properties and composed of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
Term
alphanumeric
 Definition
A combination of numbers and letters used in designations.
Term
ampere
 Definition
Standard unit for measuring the strength of an electric current.
Term
arc blow
 Definition
The deflection of a welding arc from its normal path because of magnetic forces.
Term
arc length
 Definition
The distance from the tip of the welding electrode to the adjacent surface of the weld pool.
Term
brazing
 Definition
Joining of materials without melting the base metal using a filler metal with a melting point above 840° Fahrenheit (450° Celsius). See soldering.
Term
capillary action
 Definition
In welding, the force by which a liquid, in contact with a solid, is distributed between closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint to be brazed or soldered.
Term
carbon steel
 Definition
A mixture of iron and small amounts of carbon.
Term
carburizing
 Definition
In welding, a term denoting the addition of carbon into the surfaces of hot metals through a solid solution mechanism. May occur during Air Carbon Arc Cutting, CAC-A.
Term
coalescence
 Definition
Joining together of two or more materials.
Term
code
 Definition
A document adopted by a city, municipality, state or nation, and having legal status.
Term
DC
 Definition
Direct current; constant electric polarity. DCEN - direct current, electrode negative. Referred to as straight polarity.
Term
DCEP
 Definition
Direct current, electrode positive. Referred to as reverse polarity.
Term
discontinuity
 Definition
Any interruption of the typical structure of a material; not necessarily a defect.
Term
drag
 Definition
In OFC and PAC, the amount of the offset between the cut entry and exit points, measured along the cut edge.
Term
electrode
 Definition
A component of the electrical circuit that terminates at the arc, molten conductive slag, or base metal.
Term
faying surface
 Definition
The mating surface of a member that is in contact with or in close proximity to another member to which it is to be joined.
Term
ferrous
 Definition
A term referring to metals that are primarily iron-based, such as steels.
Term
filler metal
 Definition
The metal or alloy added in making a weld, brazed, or soldered joint.
Term
flux
 Definition
A material used to hinder the formation of oxides and other undesirable substances in molten metal and on solid metal surfaces, and to dissolve or otherwise facilitate the removal of such substances.
Term
inclusion
 Definition
Entrapped foreign solid material, such as slag, flux, tungsten, or oxides.
Term
incomplete fusion
 Definition
A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads.
Term
incomplete joint penetration
 Definition
A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness.
Term
inert gas
 Definition
A gas that does no combine chemically with other materials. Argon and helium are most commonly used in welding.
Term
kerf
 Definition
The width of the cut produced during a cutting process.
Term
keyhole welding
 Definition
A procedure that produces a hole completely through the work piece. As the weld progresses, molten metal flows in behind the keyhole to form the weld.
Term
ksi
 Definition
Designation for a thousand pounds per square inch. 70,000 psi is equal to 70 ksi.
Term
low alloy steel
 Definition
An alloy of iron and carbon, with other elements added for increased strength.
Term
nonferrous
 Definition
Refers to alloys other than the iron-based alloys. Copper, nickel, and aluminum alloys are nonferrous.
Term
orifice
 Definition
In welding, an opening, usually small, that aids in controlling or constricting the flow of materials.
Term
plasma
 Definition
In welding, an ionized gas stream.
Term
porosity
 Definition
Cavity-type discontinuities formed by gas entrapment during solidification.
Term
position
 Definition
In welding, the relationship between the weld pool, joint, joint members, and welding heat source during welding. Examples are flat, horizontal, vertical, and overhead.
Term
prefix
 Definition
An alpha/numeric added at the beginning of an item to modify its meaning.
Term
progression
 Definition
In welding, the term applied to the direction of vertical welding, uphill, or downhill.
Term
psi
 Definition
Pounds per square inch.
Term
reactive gas
 Definition
A gas that will combine chemically with other materials.
Term
rimmed steel
 Definition
A steel having a rim, or surface zone having a shallow depth, of extremely low carbon content. Occurs during the steel making practice.
Term
shielding
 Definition
Protecting from contamination.
Term
slag
 Definition
A nonmetallic product resulting from the mutual dissolution of flux and nonmetallic impurities in some welding and brazing processes.
Term
soldering
 Definition
Joining materials without melting the base metal, using a filler metal having a melting point below 840°F (450°C). See brazing.
Term
solid solution
 Definition
For metals, one solid dissolving into another solid.
Term
spatter
 Definition
Metal particles expelled during fusion welding that do not form a part of the weld.
Term
suffix
 Definition
An alpha/numeric following an item which usually changes or modifies its meaning.
Term
tensile strength
 Definition
Usually stated in pounds per square inch (psi); calculated by dividing the maximum load by the cross sectional area. SI unites are megapascals (MPa).
Term
undercut
 Definition
A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the weld toe or weld root and left unfilled by weld metal.
Term
voltage
 Definition
Electromotive force, or difference in electric potential, expressed in volts.
Term
waster plate
 Definition
The carbon steel plate placed over austenitic stainless steel plate to permit cutting by the OFC method. CAC-A or PAC are more efficient for cutting these stainless steels.
Term
weld
 Definition
A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced either by heating the materials to the welding temperature, with or without the application of pressure, or by the application of pressure alone, and with or without the use of filler material.
Term
alpha iron
 Definition
A BCC solid solution of carbon in iron, and stable at room temperature. Also named ferrite.
Term
annealing
 Definition
A heat treatment designed to place the metal in its softest, lowest strength condition.
Term
A heat treatment designed to place the metal in its softest, lowest strength condition.
 Definition
An FCC solid solution of carbon in iron which forms upon heating above the A3 transformation line. Also, the room temperature stable phase of the 300 series of stainless steels. Also called gamma iron.
Term
autogenous
 Definition
In welding, a weld made without filler metal, melting portions of the base metal for filler.
Term
bainite
 Definition
A phase of iron, as contrasted with pearlite, which forms on cooling. A very fine particle sized structure difficult to resolve on the optical microscope.
Term
BCC
 Definition
Body centered cubic.
Term
BCT
 Definition
Body centered tetragonal.
Term
carbon equivalent
 Definition
A number calculated by one of several different formulae which aids in determining the required preheat temperature.
Term
carburizing
 Definition
A case hardening process that diffuses carbon into a solid ferrous alloy by heating the metal in contact with a carbonaceous material (one containing carbon). There are two types of carburizing; pack carburizing and gaseous carburizing.
Term
cementite
 Definition
Iron carbide, Fe3C.
Term
conduction
 Definition
In heat transfer, the transmission of heat from particle to particle.
Term
convection
 Definition
In heat transfer, the transmission of heat by the mass movement of the heated particles.
Term
crystal
 Definition
Or grain; the individual unit formed on solidification, separated from other crystals by grain boundaries.
Term
delta ferrite
 Definition
A phase of stainless steel alloys which resists cracking at high temperatures.
Term
deoxidizers
 Definition
Elements or compounds which preferentially combine with oxygen to keep it from reacting with heated base or weld metal.
Term
dewpoint
 Definition
The temperature at which any moisture present will condense; a measure of gas "dryness."
Term
diffusion
 Definition
Movement of atoms within a solution, be it a solid, liquid, or a gas.
Term
discontinuity
 Definition
Any interruption in the normal homogeneous pattern or arrangement of a metal.
Term
duplex
 Definition
In metals, a type of stainless steel containing approximately 50% ferrite and 50% austenite.
Term
eutectoid
 Definition
In steel, the alloy with a carbon content of exactly 0.8%.
Term
ferrite
 Definition
A BCC solid solution of carbon in gamma iron; also named alpha iron.
Term
FCC
 Definition
Face centered cubic.
Term
gamma iron
 Definition
An FCC solid solution of carbon in iron; also named austenite.
Term
grain
 Definition
In metals, the individual crystal formed on solidification; see crystal.
Term
HCP
 Definition
Hexagonal close packed.
Term
hot short
 Definition
The formation of intergranular hot cracks as a result of iron sulfide contained in the grain boundaries at elevated temperatures (1 800°F).
Term
hypereutectoid
 Definition
A steel alloy with more than 0.8% carbon.
Term
IGA
 Definition
Intergranular corrosion attack; caused by sensitization of stainless steels.
Term
joule
 Definition
The metric unit for work or heat (energy).
Term
ksi
 Definition
One thousand pounds per square inch.
Term
lamellar
 Definition
Layered, or plate-like
Term
martensite
 Definition
An unstable constituent of iron, formed without diffusion by rapid quenching from the austenite phase above the transformation line, A3.
Term
metallurgical bond
 Definition
The special type of atomic bonding holding metal atoms together.
Term
molecule
 Definition
A group of chemically bonded atoms.
Term
nascent
 Definition
A single atom, as in a single (nascent) hydrogen atom as opposed to molecular hydrogen which is composed of two hydrogen atoms as H2; all gases are molecular in their natural state.
Term
nitriding
 Definition
A case hardening process that introduces nitrogen into the surface of a ferrous material at elevated temperatures in the presence of ammonia or nitrogen
Term
normalizing
 Definition
A heat treatment whereby a steel is heated into the austenite range and cooled in still air.
Term
notch toughness
 Definition
The ability of a metal to absorb an impact load (energy) with the existence of surface notches.
Term
organic
 Definition
Materials made up primarily of the elements of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Term
pi
 Definition
A constant number, derived by diving the diameter of a circle into its circumference. It is 3.14159 (5 places).
Term
plastic behavior
 Definition
Permanent deformation of a metal under applied load. The metal does not return to its original shape after the load is removed.
Term
neck-down
 Definition
A reduction of cross sectional area of a ductile metal at the fracture point when a tensile load causes failure.
Term
notch sensitive
 Definition
Referring to a metal which has low notch toughness.
Term
modulus of elasticity
 Definition
The ratio between the stress applied and the resulting elastic strain; the slope of a metals' elastic limit curve; a relative measure of a materials' stiffness. Also called Young's Modulus.
Term
mm
 Definition
Abbreviation for millimeter. One mm is approximately equal to 39.37 mils.
Term
mil
 Definition
Linear measure; one mil equals 0.001 in.
Term
martensitic
 Definition
A term applied to group of stainless steels whose room temperature stable phase is martensite.
Term
martensite
 Definition
A phase found in steels which forms on rapid cooling or quenching.
Term
lateral expansion
 Definition
A measurement of the deformation of a Charpy sample on breaking.
Term
ksi
 Definition
Strength or pressure in thousands of pounds per square inch. A 70,000 psi tensile strength can also be written as 70 ksi.
Term
Knoop
 Definition
A type of micro hardness test.
Term
kg
 Definition
Abbreviation for kilogram. One kg is approximately equal to 2.2 pounds.
Term
impact testing
 Definition
A group of tests that rapidly apply a load, an impact, to a metal sample. Examples are Charpy, explosion bulge, and drop-weight nil-ductility tests.
Term
impact strength
 Definition
The relative ability of a metal to absorb an impact load.
Term
HAZ
 Definition
Heat-affected zone; the zone of the base metal, not melted during welding but undergoing metallurgical changes from heat.
Term
hardness
 Definition
The ability to resist indentation or penetration.
Term
hardenability
 Definition
The relative ability of a metal to be hardened, usually by rapid quenching.
Term
grains
 Definition
see Crystals.
Term
gauge length
 Definition
In tensile testing, the distance between two small marks placed on the sample prior to applying the load. Usually a distance of 2 or 8 in.
Term
ferritic
 Definition
A term referring to a group of stainless steels whose room temperature stable phase is ferrite.
Term
fatigue strength
 Definition
The relative ability of a metal to withstand cyclic loading, as in stress reversal.
Term
fatigue
 Definition
In reference to design, an applied cyclic stress; a mode of failure when metals are subject to cyclic loading.
Term
endurance limit
 Definition
In metals, the applied stress at which the metal will not fail, regardless of the number of fatigue cycles.
Term
elongation
 Definition
The stretching of a material, either elastic or plastic. Percent elongation is a measure of a metals' ductility.
Term
elastic limit
 Definition
See Proportional Limit.
Term
elastic behavior
 Definition
Deformation of a metal under load without permanent deformation. As the load is removed, the metals returns to its original shape.
Term
duplex
 Definition
A term referring to a group of stainless steels having two stable phases at room temperature.
Term
ductile
 Definition
The behavior of metals that exhibit ductility under load or failure.
Term
discontinuity
 Definition
Any interruption of the normal pattern of a metal; examples are porosity, incomplete fusion, and slag inclusions. A rejectable discontinuity is also referred to as a defect.
Term
directional properties
 Definition
The differences in a metal's mechanical properties depending on rolling direction during manufacture.
Term
density
 Definition
The ratio of mass per unit volume. For metals, density is usually noted as grams/cubic centimeter.
Term
crystals
 Definition
In metals, the very small, individual zones which form on solidification from the liquid. Also referred to as grains.
Term
cold work
 Definition
Permanent deformation of a metal below its transformation temperature.
Term
Charpy
 Definition
A type of impact test.
Term
carbide former
 Definition
An element which promotes the formation of its metallic or nonmetallic carbides.
Term
brittle
 Definition
The behavior of metals that break without deformation; materials with little or no ductility.
Term
Brinell
 Definition
A type of macro hardness test.
Term
austenitic
 Definition
A term applied to the group of stainless steels whose room temperature stable phase is austenite.
Term
carbide former
 Definition
An element which promotes the formation of its metallic or nonmetallic carbides.
Term
brittle
 Definition
The behavior of metals that break without deformation; materials with little or no ductility.
Term
Brinell
 Definition
A type of macro hardness test.
Term
austenitic
 Definition
A term applied to the group of stainless steels whose room temperature stable phase is austenite.
Term
austenite
 Definition
A metal phase found in steels at elevated temperature and stainless steels at room temperature.
Term
API
 Definition
American Petroleum Institute.
Term
annealed
 Definition
The heat treat condition of metals exhibiting minimum strength and hardness.
Term
alloy
 Definition
A mixture of elements creating a metal. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
Term
WPQ or WPQR
 Definition
Welder or Welding Operator Performance Qualification Record.
Term
WPS
 Definition
Welding Procedure Specification.
Term
UNS
 Definition
Unified Numbering System.
Term
traceability
 Definition
An attribute of a materials control system which permits tracing any part of material used in fabrication back to the source and certifying documents.
Term
tolerance
 Definition
The amount of variation permitted from the design size of a part.
Term
specification
 Definition
A detailed description of the parts of a whole; statement or enumeration of particulars, as to actual or required size, quality, performance, terms, etc.
Term
standard
 Definition
Something established for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quantity, content, extent, value, quality, etc.
Term
PQR
 Definition
Procedure Qualification Record.
Term
NACE
 Definition
National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Term
MTR
 Definition
Material (or Mill) Test Report.
Term
MTC
 Definition
Material (or Mill) Test Certificate.
Term
ISO
 Definition
International Organization for Standardization.
Term
in-house specification
 Definition
A specification written by a company primarily for internal use.
Term
hold point
 Definition
A specific, prearranged step in the fabrication process where fabrication is stopped to permit an interim inspection. Fabrication can begin again only when the inspection shows the part meets the quality requirements.
Term
material call out
 Definition
A list of materials required for fabrication of a component. The list will specify all required alloy types, grades, sizes, etc., for both base and filler metals.
Term
heat number
 Definition
A number assigned to each heat of steel by the manufacturing source.
Term
essential variables
 Definition
Those variables, if changed beyond certain limits, require a new welding procedure to be prepared and qualified.
Term
drop
 Definition
In fabrication welding, the remaining piece of a material when a portion has been removed for used
Term
drawing
 Definition
A graphic detail of a component, showing its geometry and size, with tolerances.
Term
camber
 Definition
The permissible variation from straightness, as in girders or beams.
Term
bar code
 Definition
A group of short, vertical lines representing a body of information.
Term
alphanumeric code
 Definition
A short combination of letters and numbers used to identify a material type, grade, etc.
Term
US
 Definition
The abbreviation for the current measurement system used in the United States (for the U.S. customary system).
Term
SN
 Definition
The abbreviation used for scientific notation
Term
SI
 Definition
Le Systeme Internationale d'Unites (the abbreviation used to denote the metric system).
Term
scientific notation
 Definition
The numbering system which uses the powers of ten, the exponential system, to simplify the handling of very large or very small numbers.
Term
rounding
 Definition
In mathematics, the practice of adjusting the size of the last digit retained in a number based on the next digit's size relationship to 5.
Term
prefix
 Definition
A word placed in front of another word that changes its meaning or value.
Term
number line
 Definition
The set of numbers, both greater and less than one, that make up the number system used to assign values.
Term
exponent
 Definition
The number used as the power of ten; 2 is the exponent in the expression 102.
Term
conversion factor
 Definition
A number established to aid in converting from one unit to another.
Term
AWS A1.1
 Definition
The Metric Practice Guide for the Welding Industry, a standard published by AWS.
Term
unit cell
 Definition
A symmetrical shape with the smallest number of atoms that completely describes a unique structure of a metal or phase.
Term
toughness
 Definition
The ability of a material to absorb energy.
Term
thermal expansion
 Definition
The expansion, or growth, of a material upon being heated.
Term
tempering
 Definition
A heat treatment which reduces the strength and hardness of as-quenched steels and restores ductility and toughness.
Term
stress riser
 Definition
Or stress raiser; a surface notch or geometry which multiples the applied stress to increase the actual stress in a component.
Term
stress relieving
 Definition
A heat treatment which relives a metal's residual stress by heating, holding at temperature, and cooling per a prescribed cycle.
Term
stainless steels
 Definition
Alloys containing a minimum of 12% chromium selected for their corrosion resistance.
Term
solid solubility
 Definition
The ability of metals to dissolve within each other when in a solid form through diffusion mechanisms.
Term
slag
 Definition
The material formed when welding fluxes or electrode coatings combine with atmospheric gases or contaminants during welding.
Term
shielding
 Definition
The primary protection from atmospheric gases during the welding operation; obtained from fluxes, electrode coatings, or inert or reactive gases.
Term
sensitization
 Definition
Or carbide precipitation; the formation of chromium carbides resulting in depletion of the chromium from the individual grains and reducing the metal's corrosion resistance to intergranular corrosion (IGA).
Term
segregation
 Definition
In alloying, the separation, or non-homogeneity, of two or more elements or phases.
Term
safety factor
 Definition
A multiplier used in design making the structure stronger than actually required; typically 3 or 4 for pressure vessels and 5 or more for bridges and castings.
Term
residual stress
 Definition
Stress remaining immediately after a welding or forming operation.
Term
quenching
 Definition
In heat treatment, very rapid cooling from elevated temperatures.
Term
purging
 Definition
The secondary application of an inert or unreactive gas to protect the back side of welments during welding.
Term
preheat
 Definition
A thermal treatment given to a joint prior to welding.
Term
psi
 Definition
Pounds per square inch.
Term
precipitation hardening
 Definition
A hardening mechanism, different from quenching and tempering, which relies on the formation of a precipitate during the heat treating cycle for increasing strength and hardness.
Term
post heat
 Definition
A thermal treatment given to a weldment after welding is completed.
Term
phase transformation
 Definition
In metals, a change in the atomic structure.
Term
peening
 Definition
Severe mechanical deformation of a metal.
Term
pearlite
 Definition
A layered, or lamellar, structure composed of ferrite and cementite (iron carbide).
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