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Health Exam #2
Chapters 8, 9, 10
95
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
03/02/2010

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
hunger
Definition
lack of shortage of basic foods needed to provide the energy and nutrients that support health
Term
appetite
Definition
learned psychological desire to eat that may or may not having anything to do with being hungry.
Term
nutrition
Definition
science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of the food we eat
Term
nutrients
Definition
constituents of food that your body requires to sustain proper functioning
Term
calorie
Definition
unit of measure (1 kilocalorie=1000 calories); indicates the amount of energy obtained from a particular food.
Term
digestive process
Definition
process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them.
Term
hypnotamia
Definition
a potentially serious health problem in which a person drinks too much water.
Term
proteins
Definition
essential constituents of nearly all body cells
Term
amino acids
Definition
nitrogen-containing building blocks of proteins (20)
Term
essential amino acids
Definition
9 amino acids that must by obtained from food to ensure health
Term
complete proteins
Definition
dietary proteins that supply all the essenial amino acids.
Term
incomplete proteins
Definition
proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids.
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
nutrients that supplyus with the energy we need to sustain normal daily activity.
Term
simple carbohydrates
Definition
major type of carbohydrate which provides short-term energy
Term
complex carbohydrates
Definition
provides sustained energy.
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
simply sugars that only contain one molecule of sugar
Term
disaccharides
Definition
combination of two monosaccharides
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
complex carbs formed by the combination of long chains of saccharides.
Term
starch
Definition
polysaccharide that is the storage form of glucose in plants.
Term
glycogen
Definition
polysaccharide form in which gluclose is stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscles.
Term
fiber
Definition
indigestible portion of plant fods that helps move food through the digestive system and softens stools by absorbning water.
Term
glycemic index (GI)
Definition
measure of the effect of particular carbohydrates on blood glucose levels.
Term
glycemic load
Definition
measure of te carbs content of a portion of food multiplied by its glycemic index.
Term
fats
Definition
basic nutrients composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms; need for functioning of cells, fight shock in body organs, body temp, and healthy skin and hair.
Term
triglycerides
Definition
most common form of fat in body; colries consumed in excess of energy needs are converted into these and stored as body fat.
Term
cholesterol
Definition
form of lipid circulating in blood that can accumulate on inner walls of arteries,causing a narrowing of challen through which blood flows.
Term
plaque
Definition
cholesterol buildup of the inner walls of arteries; major cause of atherosclerosis.
Term
high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Definition
compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolsm and elimination from the body.
Term
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Definition
compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cells.
Term
saturated fats
Definition
fats that are unable to hold any more hydrogen in their chemical structure; derived from animal sources, solid.
Term
unsaturated fats
Definition
fats that do not have room for more hydrogen in their chemical structure; derived from plants, liquid.
Term
monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
Definition
relative number of hydrogen atoms that are missing in a fatty acid chain.
Term
trans fatty acids (trans fat)
Definition
fatty acids that are produced when hydrogen atoms are added to polyunsaturated oils to make them more solid.
Term
vitamins
Definition
essential organic compounds that promote health and reproduction and help maintain life and health
Term
antioxidants
Definition
substances believed to protect against oxidatie stress and resultant tissue damageat the cellular leve.
Term
carotenoids
Definition
fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties.
Term
minerals
Definition
inorganic, indestructible elements that aid physiological processes.
Term
macrominerals
Definition
minerals that the body needs in fairly large amounts -- sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur.
Term
trace minerals
Definition
minerals that the body needs in only very small amounts -- iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, copper, maganese, fluoride, and chronium.
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
degenerative bone disorder characterized by increasingly porous and fragile bones that are prone to fracture.
Term
anemia
Definition
iron-deficiency disease that results from the body's inability to produce hemoglobin
Term
recommended dietary allowances (RDAs)
Definition
average daily intakes of energy and nutrients considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people in the US under usual conditions.
Term
daily values (DVs)
Definition
percentage listed at "%DV" on food and supplement labels; made up of the RDIs and DRVs together.
Term
dietary supplements
Definition
vitamins and minerals taken by mouth that are intended to supplement existing diets.
Term
probiotics
Definition
live microorganisms found in or added to fermented foods; they are intended to optimize the bacterial environment in our intestines.
Term
vegetarian
Definition
term that refers to individuals who avoid eating a range of animal products.
Term
food irradiation
Definition
treating foods with gamma raditaion from radioactive cobalt, cesium or some other source of X rays to kill microorganisms.
Term
food allergy
Definition
overreaction by the body to normally harmless proteins, which are perceieved as allergens; in response, the body produces antibodies, trigerring allergic symptoms.
Term
food intolerance
Definition
adverse effects resulting when people who lack the dgestive chemicals neded to break down certain substances eat those substances.
Term
organic
Definition
grown without use of pesticides, chemicals or hormones.
Term
locavore
Definition
person who primarily eats food grown or produced locally.
Term
overweight
Definition
increased body weight in relation to height.
Term
body mass index (BMI)
Definition
technique of weight assessment based on the relationship of weight to height.
Term
obesity
Definition
accumulation of fat beyond that considered normal for a person based on age, sex and body type; generally defined as a body mass index of 30 or mre.
Term
waist-to-hip ratio
Definition
ration that indicates increased health risks due to unhealthy fat distribution.
Term
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Definition
energy expenditure of the body under resting conditions at normal room temperature.
Term
yo-yo diets
Definition
cycles n which people repeatedly gain weight and then starve themselves to lose weight.
Term
adaptive thermogensis
Definition
theoretical mechanism by which the brain regulates metabolic activity according to caloric intake.
Term
setpoint theory
Definition
theory of obesity causation that suggests that fat storage is determined by a thermostatic mechanism in the body that acts to maintain a specific amount of body weight.
Term
plateau
Definition
point in a weight-loss program at which the dieter finds it difficult to lose more weight.
Term
satiety
Definition
feeling of fullness or satisfaction at the end of a meal.
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
condition characterized by an excessive number of fat cells.
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
act of swelling or increasing in size, as with cells.
Term
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Definition
energy expenditure of the body under BMR conditions plus other daily sedentary activities.
Term
exercise metabolic rate (EMR)
Definition
energy expenditure that occurs during exerice.
Term
very low-calorie diets (VLCDs)
Definition
diets with a daily caloric value of 400 to 700 calories.
Term
ketosis
Definition
body's process of converting body fat into ketones to be used as fuel.
Term
social physique anxiety (SPA)
Definition
desire to look good that has a destructive effect on a person's ability to function effectively in social interactions and relationships.
Term
body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
Definition
psychological disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with a real or imagined defect in one's physical appearance.
Term
female athlete trend
Definition
syndrome of three interrelated health problems seen in some female athletes; disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction or amenorrhea, and bone weakening or osteoporosis.
Term
physical activity
Definition
any bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles and that substantially increases energy expenditure.
Term
exercise
Definition
planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.
Term
physical fitness
Definition
ability to perform regular moderate to vigoroud levels of physical activity without excessive fatigue.
Term
cardiorespiratory fitness
Definition
ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity.
Term
aerobic exercise
Definition
any type of exerices that increases heart rate.
Term
aerobic capacity
Definition
current functional status of a person's cardiovascular system.
Term
graded exerices test
Definition
test of aerobic capacity administered by a physician, exercies physiologist, or other trained person; two common forms are treadmill running test and stationary bike test.
Term
target heart rate
Definition
percentage of maximum heart rate (220-age); heart rate taken during aerobic exericse to check whether exercise intensity is at the desired level.
Term
muscular strength
Definition
amount of force that a muscle is capable of exerting.
Term
one repetition maximum (1RM)
Definition
amount of weight or resistance that can be lifted or moved only once.
Term
musclar endurance
Definition
muscles ability to exert force repeatedly without fatiguing.
Term
flexibility
Definition
measure of the range of motion, or the amount of movement possible, at a particular joint.
Term
static stretching
Definition
techniques that gradually lengthen a muscle to an elongated position (to the point of discomfort) and holding that position for 10 to 30 seconds.
Term
yoga
Definition
indian traditions geared toward self-discipline and realization of unity; promote balance, coordination, flexibility and meditation thr postures and breathing exercies.
Term
tai chi
Definition
ancient chinese form of exercies; promotes balance, coordination, flexibility and stress reduction thru series of flowing postures and movements.
Term
pilates
Definition
exerice program developed that combines stretching with movement against resistance.
Term
body composition
Definition
relative proportions of lean tissue (muscle, bone, water, organs) and fat tissue in the body.
Term
resistance-training program
Definition
regular program of exerices designed to improve muscular strength and endurance in the major muscle groups.
Term
overuse injuries
Definition
injuries that result from the cumulative effects of day-after-day stresses placed on tendons, muslces, and joints.
Term
traumatic injuries
Definition
injuries that are accidental and occur suddenly and violenty
Term
RICE
Definition
rest, ice, compression, and elevation -- standard first aid treatment for traumatic and overuse injuries.
Term
heat cramps
Definition
muscle cramps that occur during of following exercise in warn or hot weather.
Term
heat exhaustion
Definition
heat stress illness caused by significant dehydration resulting from exercise in hot or warm conditions.
Term
heatstroke
Definition
deadly heat stress illness resulting in dehydration and overexertion in warm or hot conditions.
Term
hypothermia
Definition
potentially fatal condition caused by abnormally low body core temperatures.
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