Term
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Definition
| It a state of mental, physical, and social well-being and not merely the absense of disease or infirmity. |
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Term
| What are the determinates of health? |
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Definition
Physical environment
Social environment
Lifestyle/Behavior
Genetics/Biology |
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Term
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Definition
| health Systems consists of all the people and actions whose primary purpose is to improve, restore, or maintain health. |
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Term
| Main Components of HC system? |
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Definition
| Facilities, workforce, firms producing health commodities, Research and Educational Commodities, financing mechanisms. |
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Term
United States HC?
Other countries HC? |
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Definition
No real trunk, fragmented, decentralized.
Central trunk and has branches, generally ministry of health, coordinate services. |
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Term
| Unique Features of the US HC? |
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Definition
-Fragmented of health care regulation, financing and delivery.
-"For-profit-nature" of provision of health care services. -Comprehensive system to pay for health services. - Highest expenditure per captia. |
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Term
| Major Players in the US HCS? |
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Definition
| -Government -Voluntary/Professional Agencies -Private Enterprise -Private Professional Practice. |
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Term
| Delivery Health Care System? |
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Definition
| Primary Care, Secondary Care, Tertiary Care. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary care provider. Practice of basic general medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical procedures and diagnostic; treatment by specialists. Hospitals. Care provided through a referral system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specialized diagnostic therapeutic and rehabilitative services. |
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Term
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Definition
-Spends the most money on HC per capita.
-Has the most advanced technology available.
-Has the highest health care standards.
-High rates of medical errors (44-98k deaths/yr).
-Uneven distribution of access to HC services.
-Socioeconomic and racial disparities in outcomes. |
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Term
| Problems with US HC Delivery? |
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Definition
-Spends too much on health care.
-Rate of increase in health care cost has been significantly unaffected by interventions.
-Geographic and demographic distribution of health services are viable.
-Health Care is widely misallocated and fragmented.
-Not as much is done to prevent disease and promote health as could be done.
-Many services are either under or over met.
-Many have no health care coverage of any kind.
-Increased focus on "high-tech", expensive interventions.
-Rationing of access, especially by race is widespread, minority not receiving benefits.
-Problems with the quality of health care. |
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Term
| HCS problems are not caused by ..... |
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Definition
-Technical or scientific inability to deal with disease.
-Lack of money. |
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Term
| HCS problems are caused by... |
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Definition
Misuse and misallocation of resources.
Better planning could prevent this. |
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Term
| Aims for 21st century HCS.. |
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Definition
Quality of Health Care in America..
safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient (avoid waste), equitable (equal across board despite age, sex) |
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Term
| US Economic Transformation split into what three era's? |
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Definition
Agriculture Era (18th and 19th; not much of a healthcare),
Industrial Era (19th and 20th; economy has changed, movement in populations)
Information Era (1956 to present) |
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Term
| US HC Colonial to Early 1800s include? |
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Definition
-Government Response is weak.
-1756 First Medical School
-1820 First Medical School
-1820 First US Pharmacopeia
-1821 First College of Pharmacy (Philadelphia College of Apothecaries) |
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Term
| Health Care at End of 1800s? |
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Definition
-Reimbursement ("Fee for service" "cash" or "in kind")
-Increased acceptance of Germ Theory of Disease
-Transformation of hospitals (Charitable Institutions to Hospitals)
-Industrial Era: Large scale manufacture of patient medicines |
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Term
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Definition
oopium, morphine, cocaine
Death resulted in some use of these medicine. |
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Term
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
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Definition
| Initial legislation toward food and drug safety-misbranding of drug product. Identification and labeling |
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Term
| Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act-FDC Act (1938) |
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Definition
-Created (present-day) FDA- safety of drug under government control.
-Premarket approval by FDA.
-No formal distinction between prescription/ non-prescription drugs (need to be safe for consumption) |
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Term
| Children's Bureau established (1912) |
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Definition
| Nutrition and Housing conditions |
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Term
| Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act (1921) |
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Definition
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Term
| National Institute of Health (1930) |
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Definition
| -Comprises of 27 health institutes and centers that support 38,000 medical & social science research projects nationwide. |
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Term
| Establishment of first insurance plans (1929) |
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Definition
-Beginning of third party
-Not established by government but by a hospital
-grandfather of bluecross (hospital) & then blueshield (physician) |
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Term
| Medicine: 1910 Flexner Report |
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Definition
| Revealed deficiencies of medical training. Reform: -placed medical education w/in Universities -accreditation under the control of the AMA -closing of weaker schools -start of the "golden age" of medicine |
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Term
| Pharmacy: 1927 Charters Report |
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Definition
-Defined needs for pharmacy curiculum
-Defined pharmacy as profession
-1928, 4yr BS degree adopted |
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Term
| Era of Expansion 1940-1970 |
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Definition
Characterized by significant growth in facilities, insurance & utilization. (Hospital survey & Construction Act (Hill-Burton, 1946) and Amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935 established)
-Increased utilization of HC goods and services-due to available funding. |
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Term
| Hospital survey & Construction Act (Hill-Burton, 1946) |
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Definition
| provided federal funding for hospitals |
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Term
| Amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935 |
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Definition
Created Medicare/Medicaid programs (1965).
Brought insurance to elderly disabled & poor. |
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Term
Era of Expansion 1940-1970
Amendment to FDC Act of 1938 |
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Definition
1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment
1962 Drug Amendment
1965 Drug Control Abuse Amendment-DEA |
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Term
| 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
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Definition
| Creation of "legend" drugs = prescription drugs |
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Term
| 1962 Drug Amendment (Kefauver-Harris) |
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Definition
-"Proof of efficacy"
-Advertising-disclose accruate information.
-ADR required to be reported to FDA
-No longer market generics as new costly drugs under a different brand name
-Human studies required informed consent |
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Term
| 1965 Drug Control Abuse Amendment-DEA |
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Definition
| -FDA control of those of abuse (Control substances) |
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