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| Bandura proposed the Social Learning Theory |
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| Bandura published a comprehensive framework for understanding human behavior, based on a cognitive formulation which he named the Social Learning Theory. |
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| Bandura renamed the theory Social Cognitive Theory |
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| Interactional, triadic, reciprocal model between environment, personal factors, and behavior |
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| Social origins of thought and action |
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| Causal contributions of thought processes to human motivation, affect, and action |
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| Empirical testing to explain, predict, describe, or control behavior |
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| Five underpinnings of SCT |
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1. Symbolizing capability
2. Forethought capability
3. Vicarious capability
4. Self-regulatory capability
5. Self-reflective capability (self-efficacy): |
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| Use of symbols in attributing meaning to experiences |
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| Most behavior is purposive and regulated by prior thoughts |
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| Learning resulting from observing other people’s behavior and the consequences for them |
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| Self regulatory capabilities |
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| Setting of internal standards and self-evaluative reactions for one’s behavior |
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| Self reflective capabilities |
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| Analysis of experiences and thinking about one’s thoughts. |
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Human behavior can be explained as a triadic reciprocal causation that is Bi-Directional
Behavior
Environmental Factors
Personal Factors
All 3 factors bi-directionally interact in behavior change.
Must target all 3 areas in health education & promotion |
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-Behavioral Capability (Knowledge)
-Outcome Expectations
-Outcome Expectancies
-Situational Perception
-Environment
-Self-Efficacy
-Self-Efficacy in Overcoming Impediments
-Emotional Coping
-Goal Setting / Self-Control |
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| Behavioral Capability / Knowledge |
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| Behavioral capability maintains that a person needs to know what to do AND how to do it; thus, clear instructions and/or training may be needed. |
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| Two parts of behavioral capability |
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-Learning of facts and gaining insights related to an action, idea, object, person, or situation
-Knowledge of health risks and benefits of different health practices is required for behavior change interventions |
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| Anticipations that a person has about outcomes |
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| Values that a person places on the outcomes |
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-Perception and interpretation of the environment around oneself
-Must remove misperceptions and promote social norms that are healthy |
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-External stimuli (physical and social circumstances or conditions) to which a person is exposed
-Refers to actual conditions…not perceived
-Create opportunities to overcome impediments |
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| Confidence in personal capability to perform a behavior. Single most powerful predictor in SCT. |
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-Mastery experiences
-Vicarious experiences
-Social persuasion
-Positive physiological and emotional state |
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| Tasks broken down into small steps |
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| Social role models presented |
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| Strengthening of belief that they have what they need to succeed |
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| positive physiological and emotional state |
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| Self-Efficacy in Overcoming Impediments |
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-Confidence that a person has in overcoming barriers while performing a given behavior
-This construct is related to self-efficacy in terms of being situation specific, pertaining to present, and being confident level |
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| Techniques employed by the person to control emotional and physiological states associated with acquisition of a new behavior |
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| Emotional coping: this construct is often in association with |
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| Emotional coping In order to modify emotional coping, stress management techniques such as |
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| progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, and visual imagery may be used |
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| Goal Setting or Self-Control |
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| Explicit and specific goal setting for accomplishing a behavior |
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| Responses to a person's behavior that increase or decrease the chances of recurrence |
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| Reinforcement Provide incentives |
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| Rewards, praise; encourage self-reward |
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| Reinforcement disincentives |
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| Decrease possibility of negative responses that deter positive changes |
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| Reinforcement works because |
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| the individual performs the behavior consciously to obtain the desired outcome (expectancy). |
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| Reinforcement - May choose because |
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| of anticipated physical effects such as pleasure or health benefits, or choose not to engage in behavior because of anticipated pain or health risk. |
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-Theorists and researchers assume that people are social beings in that they pay attention to the environment around them.
-An important addition to this assumption is that people react to the environment or respond to stimuli in the environment.
-Individual cognitions mediate the cues from the environment. |
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| 7 Some SCT Applications in Health and Human Services |
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Definition
-Community heart health trials including smoking cessation/prevention, physical activity/exercise promotion, healthy diet
-Resistance of sexual coercion
-Use of contraceptives to reduce unwanted pregnancies
-Improve social functioning of rheumatoid arthritis patients, post coronary patients, etc.
-Coping with stress
-Improving problem solving
-Encouraging dental flossing |
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