Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Health Assessment Week 9
Gastrointestinal and Renal System
51
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
03/31/2013

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Peritoneum
Definition
Membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
Retroperitoneal
Definition
Refers to the space near the posterior abdominal wall and the peritoneum
Term
List the 3 abdominal quadrants.
Definition
1. Epigastric
2. Umbilical
3. Hypogastric/Suprapubic
Term
Organs by Quadrant: Right Upper Quadrant
Definition
Ascending colon
Duodenum
Gallbladder
Right kidney
Liver
Pancreas (head)
Transverse colon
Ureter (right)
Term
Organs by quadrant: Left Upper Quadrant
Definition
Descending Colon
Left kidney
Pancreas (body and tail)
Spleen
Stomach
Transverse colon
Ureter (left)
Term
Organs by quadrant: Right Lower Quadrant
Definition
Appendix
Ascending Colon
Bladder
Cecum
Rectum
Ovary, uterus and fallopian tube (female)
Prostate and spermatic cord (male)
Small intestine
Ureter (right)
Term
Organs by quadrant: Left Lower Quadrant
Definition
Bladder
Descending Colon
Ovary, uterus, fallopian tube (female)
Prostate and spermatic cord (male)
Small intestine
Sigmoid colon
Ureter (left)
Term
Hematemesis
Definition
Blood in vomit
Term
Melena
Definition
Tarry stools
Term
Hematochezia
Definition
bright red blood in stool
Term
What is the "normal" range for bowel elimination frequency?
Definition
2-3 times a day to 3 times a week
Term
What is Gastroenteritis?
Definition
Inflammation of the GI tract (mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines)
Term
What are the causes and symptoms of gastroenteritis?
Definition
-Multiple causes such as: virus, bacteria, parasite, medications, food intolerances
-Symptoms include:
Nausea and/or vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramping
Fever
Term
List the solid viscera
Definition
These are organs that maintain a characteristic shape.
Liver
Pancreas
Kidney
Adrenal glands
Spleen
Ovaries and Uterus
Term
List the hollow viscera
Definition
Organs whose shape depends on their contents.
Stomach
Gallbladder
Colon
Small intestine
Bladder
Term
What is the order of an abdominal assessment exam?
Definition
Inspect
Auscultate
Percuss
Palpate
Term
What are the 4 contours of the abdomen?
Definition
1. Flat
2. Scaphoid
3. Rounded
4. Protuberant
Term
What are the 6 F's of a protuberant abdomen?
Definition
1. Fat
2. Fluid
3. Flatus
4. Fetus
5. Feces
6. Fatal growths
Term
What kind of sound would you hear upon percussion of a protuberants abdomen due to ascitic fluid?
Definition
With the patient in a supine position, you would hear tympany in the center of the abdomen and dullness along the sides (where the fluid is).
Term
What are abnormal bowel sound classifications?
Definition
-Absent (obstruction): listen for full 4-5 min
-Hypoactive (decreased motility): Low gurgling <4 in 1 min
-Hyperactive (increased motility): High pitched, loud
Term
What do bruits indicate?
Definition
Turbulent flow or stenosis
Term
What is the normal span of the liver?
Definition
6-12 cm
Term
Rovsing sign
Definition
-Push on LLQ then quickly remove hand
-Rebound tenderness in RLQ or pain in RLQ durring LLQ pressure (appendicitis)
Term
Psoas muscle test
Definition
Pt. lays supine and examiner pushes down on patient's right thigh and asks pt. to raise leg. Pt. has pain in RLQ (appendicitis)
Term
Murphy's sign/Inspiratory arrest
Definition
Sharp pain upon inspiration when examiner's hand is palpating the liver (cholecystitis)
Term
Fluid wave test
Definition
If ascites is present, the push will generate a fluid wave through the abdomen and you will feel a positive fluid wave. Distention is due to gas or adipose tissue, you will feel no change.
Term
What are classes physical findings of alcohol abuse?
Definition
1. Hepatosplenomegaly (HSM)
2. Ascites
3. Caput medusa
4. Spider angiomas
5. Peripheral edema
6. Palmar erythema
7. Erythematic or bulbous nose
Term
What should you teach someone at risk for Hep A?
Definition
-Transmission via fecal-oral
-Children often asymptomatic
-Vaccine available
-Prophylaxis: serum globulin
-Stess good handwashing techniques
Term
What are the 3 risk categories for Hep B?
Definition
1. Sexual contacts
2. People with percutaneous or mucosal exposure to blood
3. Others: travelers, patients with chronic liver disease or HIV infection
Term
Who does the CDC recommend get Hep B vaccine?
Definition
1. All adults in high-risk settings
2. In primary care or specialty settings
3. Adults in occupations involving exposure to blood or other potentially infectious body fluids
4. All pregnant women at first prenatal visit
Term
What are risk factors for Hep C?
Definition
-Repeated percutaneous exposure
-IV drug users
-Transfusion with clotting factors before 1987
-Hemodialysis
-Sex partners using IV drugs
-Blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992
-Occupational exposure
-Multiple or infected sex partner
Term
Risk factors for colorectal cancer
Definition
-Past colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyp
-History of inflammatory bowel disease
-Family history of colorectal cancer or adenomatous polyp
Term
Screening for colorectal cancer
Definition
-Fecal occult blood test annually
-Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
-Colonoscopy every 10 years
Term
Prevention of urinary incontinence
Definition
-Pelvic muscle training
-Pelvic muscle exercises
-Biofeedback
-Incontinence is not normal
Term
Peptic Ulcer and Dyspepsia process
Definition
Peptic ulcer refers to a demonstrable ulcer, usually in the duodenum or stomach. Dyspepsia causes similar symptoms but no ulceration. Infection by H. Pylori is often present.
Term
Peptic Ulcer and Dyspepsia (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: Epigastric, may radiate to back
Q: Variable: gnawing, burning, pressing or hunger-like
T: Intermittent. Duodenal ulcer more likely to cause pain that 1) wakes at night, 2) occurs intermittently over a few weeks, then disappears for months, then recurs.
AF: Variable
RF: Food and antacids may bring relief
AS&S: N&V, Belching, bloating; Heartburn, weight loss. Dyspepsia is more common in the young (20-29), and gastric ulcer in those over 50, and duodenal ulcer in those 30-60.
Term
The processes of acute and chronic pancreatitis
Definition
Acute: An acute inflammation of the pancreas
Chronic: Fibrosis of the pancreas secondary to recurrent inflammation
Term
Acute pancreatitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: Epigastric, may radiate to the back or other parts of the abdomen; may be poorly localized
Q: Usually steady
T: Acute onset, persistent pain
AF: Lying supine
RF: Leaning foward with trunk flexed
AS&S: N&V, abdominal distention, fever. Often a history of previous attacks and alcohol abuse or gallstones.
Term
Chronic pancreatitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: Epigastric, radiating through to the back
Q: Steady, deep
T: Chronic or recurrent course
AF: Alcohol, heavy or fatty meals
RF: Possibly leaning forward with trunk flexed; often intractable
AS&S: Symptoms of decreased pancreatic function may appear: diarrhea with fatty stools (steatorrhea) and diabetes mellitus
Term
Acute cholecystitis process
Definition
Inflammation of the gallbladder, usually from obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone
Term
Acute cholecystitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: RUQ or upper abd; may radiate to the right scapular area
Q: Steady, aching
T: Gradual onset
AF: Jarring, deep breathing
AS&S: Anorexia, N&V, fever
Term
Acute diverticulitis process
Definition
Acute inflammation of a colonic diverticulum, a sac-like mucosal outpouching through the colonic muscle
Term
Acute diverticulitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: LLQ
Q: May be cramping at first, but becomes steady
T: Often gradual onset
AS&S: Fever, constipation. There may be initial brief diarrhea.
Term
Acute appendicitis
Definition
Acute inflammation of the appendix with distention or obstruction
Term
Acute appendicitis (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: Poorly localized periumbilical pain, followed by RLQ pain
Q: Mild but increasing, possibly cramping; becomes steady and more severe
T: Lasts roughly 4-6 hours; then when it moves to RLQ it depends on intervention
AF: Movement or cough
RF: If it subsides temporarily, suspect perforation of the appendix
AS&S: Anorexia, nausea, possibly vomiting, which typically follows onset of pain, low fever
Term
Acute Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction process
Definition
Obstruction of the bowel lumen, most commonly caused by 1) adhesions or hernias (small bowel) or 2) cancer or diverticulitis (colon)
Term
Acute Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction (Location, quality, timing, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated symptoms and setting)
Definition
L: Small bowel: periumbilical or upper abdominal; Colon: lower abdominal or generalized
Q: Cramping
T: Paroxysmal
AS&S: Small bowel: Vomiting of bile and mucus or fecal material. Obstipation develops; Colon: Obstipation early. Vomiting later ir at all. Prior symptoms of underlying cause.
Term
What are some problems that cause constipation?
Definition
1. Lifestyle Activities and Habits
2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3. Mechanical Obstruction
4. Painful Anal Lesions
5. Drugs
6. Depression
7. Neurologic Disorders
8. Metabolic Conditions
Term
Acute diarrhea (2 processes)
Definition
1. Secretory Infection: Infection by viruses, preformed bacterial toxins, cryptosporidium
2. Inflammatory Infection: Colonization or invasion of intestinal mucosa
Term
Acute Diarrhea: Secretory Infection (Characteristics of Stool, Timing, Associated Symptoms, Setting/Persons at Risk)
Definition
CoS: Watery, without blood, pus, or mucus
T: Duration of a few days, possibly longer. Lactase deficiency may lead to a longer course.
AS: N&V, periumbilical cramping pain. Temperature normal or slightly elevated.
S/PaR: Often travel, a common food source, or an epidemic
Term
Acute Diarrhea: Inflammatory Infection (Characteristics of Stool, Timing, Associated Symptoms, Setting/Persons at Risk)
Definition
CoS: Loose to watery, often with blood, pus, or mucus
T: An acute illness of varying duration
AS: Lower abdominal cramping pain and often rectal urgency, tenesmus; fever
S/PaR: Travel, contaminated food or water. Men and women who have had frequent anal intercourse
Supporting users have an ad free experience!