Term
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Definition
| complete loss of contact between the two bones in a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| two bones in a joint stay in contact but their alignment is off |
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Term
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Definition
| shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of a join |
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Term
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Definition
| stiffness or fixation of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| full ROM against gravity, full resistance NORMAL |
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Term
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Definition
| full ROM against gravity, some resistance, GOOD |
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Term
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Definition
| full ROM with gravity, FAIR |
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Term
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Definition
| full ROM with gravity eliminated (passive motion) POOR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| TMJ -- open mouth maximally |
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Definition
| space between upper and lower incisors: normal is 3-6 cm |
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Term
| TMJ partially open mouth, protrude lower jaw, move it side to side |
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Definition
| normal extent is 1 -2 cm; lateral motion |
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Term
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Definition
| normal: protrude without deviation |
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Term
| Cervical spine: chin to chest |
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Definition
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Term
| Cervical spine: lift chin toward ceiling |
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Definition
| hyperextension of 55 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral bending of 40 degrees |
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Term
| chin toward each shoulder |
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Definition
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Term
| cervical spine: flexion against opposing force |
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Definition
| tests the integrity of cranial nerve XI |
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Term
| Shoulder: with arms at sides and elbows extended move both arms forward and up and back |
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Definition
forward flexion of 180 degrees
hyperextension up to 50 degree |
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Term
| Shoulder: rotate arms internally behind back, place back of hands as high as possible toward scapula |
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Definition
| internal rotation of 90 degrees |
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Term
| Shoulder: with arms at sides and elbows extended raise both arms in wide arcs in the coronal plane |
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Definition
abduction of 180 degrees
adduction of 50 degrees |
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Term
| Shoulder: touch both hands behind the head with elbows flexed and rotated posteriorly |
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Definition
| external rotation of 90 degrees |
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Term
| subluxation of the elbow: |
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Definition
| shows the forearm dislocated posteriorly |
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Term
| elbow: bend and straighten the elbow |
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Definition
| flexion of 150-160 degrees; extension at 0 |
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Term
| elbow: movement at 90 degrees in pronation and supination |
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Definition
| hold the hand midway; then touch front and back sides of hand to table |
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Term
| wrist and hand: thenar eminence |
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Definition
| rounded mound on palm proximal to the thumb |
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Term
| wrist and hand: heberden and bouchard nodules |
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Definition
| hard and nontender and occur with osteoarthritis |
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Term
| wrist and hand: bend the hand up at the wrist |
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Definition
| hyperextension of 7- degrees |
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Term
| wrist and hand: bend hand down at the wrist |
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Definition
| palmar flexion of 90 degrees |
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Term
| wrist and hand: bend the fingers up and down at metacarpophalangeal joints |
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Definition
flexion of 90 degrees
hyperextension of 30 degrees |
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Term
| wrist and hand: with palms flat on table, turn them outward and in |
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Definition
| ulnar deviation of 50-60 degrees, and radial deviation of 20 degrees |
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Term
| wrist and hand: spread fingers apart; make a fist |
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Definition
abduction of 20 degrees; fist tight.
the responses should be equal bilaterally |
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Term
| wrist and hand: touch the thumb to each finger and to the base of little finger |
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Definition
| the person is able to perform, and the responses are equal bilaterally |
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Term
| wrist and hand: Phalen test |
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Definition
ask person to hold both hands back to back while flexing wrists 90 degrees
acute flexion produces no symptoms in normal hand |
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Term
| wrist and hand: Phalen test non-normal hand |
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Definition
| numbness and burning in a person with carpal tunnel syndrome |
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Term
| wrist and hand: Tinel sign |
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Definition
| direct percussion of the location of the median nerve at the wrist produces no symptoms in the normal hand |
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Term
| wrist and hand: positive Tinel sign |
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Definition
| percussion of the median nerve produces burning and tingling along its distribution (in carpal tunnel syndrome) |
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Term
| Hip: raise each leg with knee extended |
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Definition
| hip flexion of 90 degrees |
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Term
| Hip: bend each knee up to the chest wall while keeping the other leg straight |
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Definition
| hip flexion of 120 degrees. The opposite thigh should remain on the table |
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Term
| Hip: flex knee and hip to 90 degrees. STabilize by holding thigh with one hand and the ankle with the other hand. Swing the foot outwards. Swing the foot inward |
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Definition
internal rotation of 40 degrees
external rotation of 45 degrees |
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Term
| limited internal rotation of the hip is an early and reliable sign of: |
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Definition
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Term
| hip: swing legg laterally then medially with knee straight |
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Definition
Abduction of 40-45 degrees
Adduction of 20-30 degrees |
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Term
| hip: when standing (later in examinatino) swing straight leg back behind body. |
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Definition
| hyperextension of 15 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| knee: bulge sign -- abnormal finding |
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Definition
| occurs with very small amounts of effusion, 4 - 8 mL from fluid flowing across the joint |
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Term
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Definition
firmly stroke up on the medial aspect of the knee two or three times to displace any fluid;
tap the lateral aspect
watch the medial side in the hollow for a distinct bulge from a fluid wave -- NORMAL none is present |
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Term
| knee: ballottement of the patella |
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Definition
reliable when large amounts of fluid are present
use left hand to compress the suprapatellar pouch to move any fluid into the knee joint;
with your right hand, push the patella sharply against the femur; if no fluid is present patella is already SNUG agains the femur |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion of 130-15- degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| a straight light of 0 degrees; a hyperextension of 15 degrees |
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Term
| Knee: Mcmurray test: special test for miniscus tears |
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Definition
position person supine
stand on affected side
hold the heel and flex the knee and hip
place other hand on the knee with fingers on the medial side
rotate the leg in and out to loosen the the joint
externally rotate the leg and push a inward (a valgus) stress on the knee
slowly extend knee: normally: knee extends with now pain |
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Term
| Knee: positive Mcmurray test: |
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Definition
| if you hear or feel a "click" mcMurray test is positive |
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Term
| Ankle and foot: hallus valgus |
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Definition
| the distal part of the great toe is directed away from the body midline |
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Term
| ankle and foot: point toes toward the floor |
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Definition
| plantar flexion of 45 degrees |
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Term
| ankle and foot: point toes toward the nose |
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Definition
| dorsiflexion of 20 degrees |
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Term
| ankle and foot: turn soles of feet out then in |
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Definition
eversion of 20 degrees
inversion of 30 degrees |
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Term
| spine: abnormalities: scoliosis |
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Definition
| a difference in shoulder elevation and in level of scapulae and iliac crests occurs |
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Term
| spine: lateral tilting and forward bending (abnormal) |
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Definition
| occur with a herniated nucleus pulposus |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral bending of 35 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperextension of 30 degrees |
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Term
| spine: twist shoulders to one side the the other |
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Definition
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Term
| spine: straight leg raising or Lasegue test |
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Definition
maneuvers reproduce back and leg pain and help confirm teh presence of a herniated nucleus puposus
straight leg raising while keeping leg extended normally produces NO pain |
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Term
| spine: straight leg raising or Lasegue test |
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Definition
test is positive if it reproduces sciatic pain
if lifting affected leg reproduces sciatic pain, it confirms the presence of a herniated puposus |
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Term
| Spine: measure leg length discrepency |
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Definition
| perform this measurement if you need to determine whether one leg is shorter than the other (normaly the lengths are equal within 1 cm) |
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Term
| spine: straight leg raising or Lasegue test |
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Definition
| if lifting unaffected leg reproduces sciatic pain, it strongly suggests a herniated nucleus pulposus |
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Term
inflammatory joint condition
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Definition
chronic, systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue. Inflammation of synovial membrane leads to thickening; then to fibrosis, which limits motion; and finally to bony ankylosis
symmetric and bilateral |
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Term
inflammatory joint condition
Rheumatoid Arthritis
characterized by: |
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Definition
heat
redness
swelling
painful motion of the affected joints |
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Term
inflammatory joint condition
Rheumatoid Arthritis
associated with |
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Definition
fatigue
weakness
anorexia
weight loss
low grade fever
lymphadenopathy |
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Term
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Definition
form of RA primary affects men
spasm or paraspinal muscles pulls spine into forward flexion, obliterating cervical and lumbar curves |
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Term
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Definition
decrease in skeletal bone mass
weakened bone state increases risk for stress fractures especially at wrist, hip and vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| noninflammatory, localized, progressive disorder involving deterioration of articular cartilages and subchondral bone and formation of new bone |
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Term
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Definition
characteristic "hunched" position and limited abduction of arm
occurs from traumatic adduction while arm is held in abduction or from fall on shoulder |
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Term
abnormalities of the shoulder
subacromial bursitis |
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Definition
inflammation and swelling of subacromial bursa over the shoulder cause limited ROM and pain with motion
localized swelling under deltoid muscle may increase by partial passive abduction of the arm |
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Term
abnormalities of the elbow
olecranon bursitis |
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Definition
| large, soft know or "goose egg" and redness from inflammation of olecranon bursa. Localized and easy to see because bursa lies just under skin |
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Term
abnormalities of the elbow
subcutaneous nodules |
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Definition
| raised, firm, nontender nodules that occur with rheumatoid arthritis. common sites are in the olecranon bursa and along extensor surface of arm. the skin slides freely over the nodules |
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Term
abnormalities of the elbow
epicondylitis -- tennis elbow |
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Definition
| chronic disabling pain at lateral epicondyle of humerus, radiates down extensor surface of forearm. pain can be located with one finger |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
ganglion cyst |
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Definition
| round cystic nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule, usually on dorsum of wrist; flexion makes it more prominent; a common benign tumor it does not become malignant |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
ankylosis |
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Definition
| wrist in extreme flexion, due to severe rheumatoid arthritis, this is a functionally useless hand because when the wrist is palmar flexed a good deal of power is lost from the fingers and the thumb cannot oppose the fingers |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
dupuytren contracture |
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Definition
| chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia caused flexion contractures of the digits, first in the 4th digit then the 5th digit and then the 3rd digit. note the bands that extend from the midpalm to the digits and the puckering of palmar skin |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
carpal tunnel syndrome with atrophy and thenar eminence |
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Definition
atrophy occurs from interference with motor function from compression of the median nerve inside the crapal tunnel
occurs btwn 30 and 60 yo
5 times more common in women than men |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
carpal tunnel syndrome with atrophy and thenar eminence
symptoms |
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Definition
| pain, burning and numbness, positive findings on phalen test, positive indication of Tinel sign and often atrophy of thenar muscles |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
swan-neck |
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Definition
flexion contracture resembeles curve; note flexion contracture of metacarpophalangeal joint
occurs with chronic rheumatoid arthritis and is often accompanied by ulnar drift of the fingers |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
boutonniere deformity |
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Definition
the knuckle looks as if it is being pushed through a buttonhole
it is a relatively common deformity and includes flexion of proximal interphalangeal joint with compensatory hyperextension of distal interphalangeal joint |
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Term
abnormalities of the knee
swelling of menisci |
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Definition
| localized soft swelling from cyst in lateral meniscus shows at the midpoint of the anterolateral joint line. semiflexion of the knee makes swelling more prominent |
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Term
abnormalities of the knee
mild synovitis |
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Definition
| loss of normal hollows on either side of the patella, which are replaced by mild distention. occurs with synovial thickening or effusion (excess fluid). also note mild distention of the suprapatellar pouch |
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Term
abnormalities of the knee
prepatellar bursitis |
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Definition
| localized swelling on anterior knee between patella and skin. a tender, fluctuan mass indicates swelling; in some cases, infection spreads to surrounding soft tissue. The condition is limited to the bursa, and the knee joint itself is not involved. overlying skin may be red, shiny, atrophic or coarse and thickened |
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Term
abnormalities of the knee
achilles tenosynovitis |
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Definition
| inflammation of a tendon sheath near the ankle (here, the Achilles tendon) produces a superficial linear swelling and a localized tenderness along the route of teh sheath. Movement of the involved tendon usually causes pain |
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Term
abnormalities of the spine
herniated nucleus pulposus |
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Definition
the nucleus puposus ruptures into the spinal canal and puts pressure on the ocal spinal nerve root;
mostly men 20-45 yo
Lumbar herniations occur mainly in interspaces L4 to L5 and L5 to S1 |
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Term
abnormalities of the wrist and hand
acute rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
painful swelling and stiffness of joints, with fusiform or spindle-shaped swelling of the soft tissue of proximal interphalangeal joints
Fusiform is usual symmetric
hands are warm
veins engorged |
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Term
abnormalities of the ankle and foot
acute gout |
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Definition
acute episode of gout usually involves first the metatarsophalangeal joint
clinical findings consist of redness, swelling, heat and extreme tenderness
gout is a metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolisum |
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Term
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Definition
painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee, probably from repeated stress on the patellar tendon
occurs most in puberty duringg rapid growth and most often in males |
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Term
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Definition
inflamed bursa that forms at the pressure piont on the foot
the great toe loses power to push of while walking; this stresses |
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Term
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Definition
| the nail does not grow in, but the soft tissue grows over the nail and obliterates the groove. it occurs almost always on the great toe on the medial or lateral side |
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