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Health Assessment
Chapter 20- peripheral vascular system and lymphatic system
112
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
04/10/2012

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Term
allen test
Definition
determining the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery
Term
aneurysm
Definition
defect or sac from dilated artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
variation from the heart's normal rhtyhm
Term
ateriosclerosis
Definition
thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
plaque of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries
Term
bradycardia
Definition
slow heart rate, > 50 beats per min in an adult
Term
bruit
Definition
blowing, swooshing heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded
Term
cyanosis
Definition
dusky blue mottling of the skn and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
Term
diastole
Definition
hearts filling phase
Term
homan's sign
Definition
calf pain that occurs when the foot is sharply dorsiflexed and may occur with dvt, phlebitis, achiles tendimitis, or muscle injury
Term
ischemia
Definition
deficiency of arterial blood to a body part due to constriction or obstruction of the blood vessel
Term
lymphedema
Definition
swelling of extremetities due to obstructed lymph channel, non pitting
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intercals long lymphatic vessels
Term
pitting edema
Definition
indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
Term
profile sign
Definition
viewing of the finger from the side to detect early clubbing
Term
pulse
Definition
pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at the body sites where teh artery lie close to the skin and over a bone
Term
pulse alternans
Definition
regular ehythm but force of pulse caries with alternating beats of large and small amplitude
Term
pulse bigeminus
Definition
irregular rhythm everyother beat is premature, premature beats have weakened amplitude
Term
pulsus paradoxus
Definition
beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration
Term
systole
Definition
the ehart's pumping phase
Term
tachycardia
Definition
rapid heart rate, > 90 beats oer minute in adult
Term
thromobophelitis
Definition
inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
Term
ulcer
Definition
open skin lesion extenfing into dermis with sloughin of necrotic inflammatory tissue
Term
varicose vein
Definition
dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
Term
supply nutrients and o2
Definition
the function of the arteries is to
Term
death of tissue
Definition
where there is a complete blockage is leads to
Term
insufficient supply and ischemia may be present only at excercise
Definition
when there is partial blockage it creates an
Term
deep and superficial
Definition

veins in the arm

 

Term
venous return
Definition
deep veins in the leg run alongside the deep artieries and conduct most of the ___--from the legs
Term
deep veins
Definition

femoral and popliteal veins are

 

Term
the superficial veins
Definition

great and small saphenous veins are

 

Term
veins
Definition
low pressure system and they drain deoxygenated bloof and its waste products from the tissues and returns to the heart
Term
one way towards the heart
Definition
venous blood flows
Term
calf pump or peripheral heart
Definition
when walkking the calf muscles alternately contract (systole) and relax (diastole). In the contraction phase the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles squeeze the veins and directt he blood flow just one way toward the heart
Term
lower; thinner
Definition
venous structure differs from arterial structure because venous pressure is _________ and the veins are __----than arteries
Term
diameter; distensible
Definition
veins do have larger_______-and are more __________---because they can expand and hold more blood volume when it increases which is a compensatory mechanism to reduce stress on the heart
Term
capacitance vessels
Definition
because veins can stretch they are called
Term
contracting skelet muscles, competent valves in the veins, and a patent lumen
Definition
efficient venous return depends on _______________. if there are any problems in any of these three it can lead to venous stasis
Term
prolong sit, sleep, stand, hypercoaguable states and vein all trauma
Definition
people who are at risk for venous disease are people who ____________-because they do not benefit from the milking action from walking
Term
incompetent valves
Definition
dilated and tortourous (varicose) veins create____----which increases pressure and further dilates the vein.
Term

lymphatics

 

Definition
ompletely separated vessel system that retrieves excess fluid from the tissue spaces and returns it to the blood stream
Term
edema
Definition

without lymphatic drainage fluid would build up and produce

 

Term
right lymphatic duct
Definition
empties intos the right subclavian vein and drains the right side of the head, neck, right arm, right side of the thorax, right lung anf pleura,right side of the heart, and upper section of the liver
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
drains the rest of the body in the left subclavical vein
Term
functions of the lymphatic system
Definition

1) conserve fluid and plasma proteins that leak out of the capillaries

2) to form a major part of the immune system that defends against disease

3) absorb lipids from the intestinal tract

Term
skeletal muscles, pressure changes secondary to breathing, annd by contraction of the vessel walls themselves
Definition

Lymph nodes are propelled by contracting

 

Term
filter
Definition
nodes __________-the fluid before it is returned to the blood sream and filter out microorganisms that are harmful to the body
Term
cervical nodes
Definition
these nodes drain the head and neck
Term
axillary nodes
Definition
these nodes drain breast and upper arm
Term
epitrochlear node
Definition
this is in the antecubital fossa and drains the hand and lower arm
Term
inguinal nodes
Definition
nodes in the groin drains most of the lymph of the lower extremeity, the external genitalia, and anterior abdominal wall
Term
spleen, tonsils, and thymus
Definition
what aids the lymphatic system
Term
spleen
Definition

this is in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and has four functions:

1)destroys old RBS

2) produce antibodies

3)store RBCs

4)filter microorganisms from the blood

Term
tonsils
Definition
(pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual) responds to local inflammation
Term
thymus
Definition
flat, pinkgray gland in the superior mediastinum and it relatively large in fetus and young child and atrophies after puberty and atrophies after puberty, it develops t lymphocytes
Term
children
Definition
lymph nodes are relatively large and palpable in
Term
respiratory infection
Definition
enlarge tonsils indicates
Term
vasodilation
Definition
in pregnant woman hormonal causes _____________which result a drop in BP. because of the uterus it caused low blood flow and increases venous pressure which turns to dependent edema, variscosities in the legs and vulva, and hemmoroids
Term

arteriosclerosis

 

Definition
in the aging adult the peripheral blood vessels grow more rigid which causes __________ a condtion that rises systolic BP
Term
aging adult
Definition
this group produces enlargement of the intramuscular calf veins. with prolonges besrets, immobility, and heart failure it increases their risks of DVT and subsequent pulmonary embolism whic are comming in aging also with malignancy and myocardial infarction
Term
low dose anticoagulant meds
Definition
this medication reduces the risk for venous thromboembolism
Term
claudication distance
Definition
the number of blocks walked or stairs climbed to produce pain
Term
aging adults
Definition
night leg pain is common in ___--, which may indicate ischemic rest pain of Peripheral vascular disease, severe night crampibng (calf) , or restless leg syndrome
Term
vascular
Definition
theres pain in musculoskeletal rather than
Term
importence
Definition
aortoiliac occlusion is association with
Term
arterial disease
Definition
coolness of the skin is associated with
Term
chronic arterial and chronic venous disease
Definition
leg ulcers occurs with
Term
heart failure; obstruction or inflammation
Definition
edema is bilateral when the cause is generalized such as _________. Edema isthere is a local  unilateral when
Term
infection, malignancies, and immunologic disease
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes occur with
Term
22 celcuis or 72 fahrenheight and dratfless
Definition
room temperature should be __________________-to prevent vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Term
160 degrees
Definition
the normal nail bed is
Term
congenital cyanotic heart disease and corpulmonale
Definition
flattening and clubbing of nails occurs with
Term
vasoconstriction or decrease CO (hypovolemia, heart failure, shock)
Definition
capillary refill lasting more than 1 or 2 seconds signifies ___________-the hand are cold clammy and pale
Term
lymphatic drainage is obstructed which may occur after breast surgery
Definition
edema of the upper extrememtieis occurs when
Term
hyperkinetic states (excercise, anxiety, fever) , anemia, and hyperthyroidism
Definition
full bounding (3+) occurs with
Term
shock and peripheral arterial disease
Definition
weak thready pulses (1+) occurs with
Term
shaking hand with the person and then reaching your other hand undert he persons elbow above the medial epicondyle, but suually these nodes are not palpable
Definition
when checking for the epitrochlear lymph nodes you do this by
Term
infection of the hand or forearm
Definition
when the epitrochlear nodes are enlarged it is associated with
Term
lymphadenopathy: lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, sarcoidoisis, chronic infection, and mononucleosis
Definition
epitrochlear nodes occur in conditions of generalized
Term
radial and ulnar artieris
Definition
with the allen test you would occlude both the_______________-while the person makes a fist several of times which causes their hand to blanch. then ask them to open their hand and release the pressure of the ulnar artery only. color should c ome in 2 to 5 seconds
Term
the laser doppler
Definition
this is much mjore reliable than the allen test and it gives a quantifiable measurement of blood flow that is recordable and reproducible. It is a small flat probe taped to the palm at the end of the patient's index finger
Term
occlusion of collateral arterial flow
Definition
when there is no blood return in the allen test it suggest a
Term
arterial insufficinecy
Definition
malnutrition, pallor, and coolness occurs with
Term

mild lymphedema

 

Definition
asymmetry of 1 to 3 cm
Term
moderate lymphedema
Definition
asymmetry of 3 to 5 cm
Term
severe lymphedema
Definition
asymmetry > 5 cm
Term
chronic venous stasis
Definition
brown discolration occurs with
Term
tips of toes, metatarsal heads, and lateral malleoli
Definition
with arterial deficit ulcers occurs in the feet on
Term
arterial deficit
Definition
when there is a unilateral cool foot or leg or sudden temperature drop as you move down the leg
Term
bruit
Definition
so if the femoral pulse site is diminsihed or weakened you must auscultate for a
Term
hard to find, but not both on the same foot
Definition
occassionally with older than 45 years, the dorsalis pedis or the posterior tibial pulse may be
Term
standing all day or is pregnant
Definition
it is only common to see pitting if the person has been
Term
heart failure, diabetic neuropathy, and hepatic cirrhosis
Definition
bilateral dependent pitting edema occurs with
Term
1+ edema
Definition
mild pitting, slight indentation, no perceptile swelling of the leg
Term
2+ edema
Definition
moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly
Term
3+ edema
Definition
deep pitting, indentation remains for a short time, leg looks swollen
Term
4+ edema
Definition
very deep pitting, indentation last long time , leg is grossly swollen and distorted
Term
lymphatic obstruction and is brawny or nonpitting and feels hard to touch
Definition
unilateral or bilateral edema occurs with
Term
sephaneous veins
Definition
variscosities occurs in the
Term
standing to determine if valves are compentent
Definition
test the person with varicose veins while
Term
competent valves
Definition
no wave felt is
Term
incompetent valves
Definition
there's wave felt its
Term
30 cm and wag the feet for 30 seconds
Definition
if you suspect an arterial deficit raise the legs about
Term
10 seconds; 15 seconds
Definition
color to return to the feet should _________---and superficial veins to refill should be
Term
severe arterial insufficiency
Definition
dependent rubor (deeo blur-red color), motor loss sensory loss, elevational pallor occurs with
Term
doppler ultrasonic sthethoscope
Definition
this detects a weak peripheral pulse, monitors BP in infants or children, measures a low blood pressure or bp in a lower extremeity. It magnifies ulsatile sounds from the heart and blood vesssels. position the person supine with the legs externally rotated. place gel, place transducer on site at 90 degree angle you hear a swooshing, whoosing sound
Term
brachial pressure thus a normal ABI is usually 1.0 or 1.2
Definition
the normal ankle pressur e is slightly greater or equal to the
Term
the pregnant woman
Definition
expect bilateral edema in lower extremities especially end of theday and into the third trimester, also varicose veions are common in third trimester
Term
the aging adult
Definition
dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulse may be more difficult to find, trophic changes associated with arterial insufficiency such as thing, shinny skin, thick rigied nails, loss of hair on lower legs are common
Term
eclampsia
Definition
generalized edema and hypertension: BAD!!!!
Term
perpiheral arterial disease
Definition
an ABI of .90 or less indicated
Term
ABI
Definition

.90 to .70 is moderate to severe claudication

.40 to .30 is severe claudication

<.30 is ischemia with imnpending loss tissue

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