Term
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Definition
| acust chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply |
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Term
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Definition
| (aortic insufficiency) imcompetent aortic valve that alllows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| calcified aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole |
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Term
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Definition
| left semilunar valve separating hte aorta and the left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| tip of the heart that point down toward the 5th left intervostal space |
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Term
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Definition
| (point if maximal impulse) pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line |
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Term
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Definition
| broader area of heart's outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostal space |
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Term
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Definition
| cup shaped endpiece used for soft, low pitched heart sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| slow heart rate, < 50 beats per minutes in the adult |
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Term
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Definition
| bulbous enlargment of the fistal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| severe narrowing of descending aorta, a confenital heart defect |
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Term
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Definition
| right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| duskt blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
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Term
| Diaphragm of teh stethoscope |
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Definition
| flat endpiece oused for hearing relatively highpitched heart sounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| ausultory area in the 3rd left intercostal space |
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Term
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Definition
AV vales closes and signaled the begining of systole
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Term
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Definition
| semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) and signals end of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| soft, low pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| (gallop, atrial gallop), very soft, low pitched ventricullar filling sound that occurs in the last diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| addition 3rd or 4th sound that sounds like a cadence of galloping horse |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultory areas while listening to the heart sounds |
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Term
| Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) |
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Definition
| increase in tthickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction (aortic stenosis) |
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Term
| Midclavicular line ( MCL) |
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Definition
| imaginery vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax |
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Term
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Definition
| (mitral insufficiency) incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole |
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Term
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Definition
| calified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left verntricle during diastole |
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Term
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Definition
| left av valve separating the left atria and ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of normal split S2 so tha that the split is heard in expiration, and in inspiration the sounds fude to one sound |
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Term
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Definition
| high pitched, scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precordium is inflamed |
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Term
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Definition
| normal variation in S2 heard ast wo separate components during inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| (pulmonic insufficinecy) backflow go blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both the pathologic S3 and S4 are present |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerevral blood flow (fainting), caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rapid heart rate, > 90 beats per minuted in the adult |
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Term
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Definition
| palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart mrmur |
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Term
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Definition
| right AV separating the right atriav ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects teh heart |
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Term
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Definition
| pericardium has two layer that contain ___________fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle of the heart and it does the pumping |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and valves |
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Term
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Definition
| this side of the heart pumps blood into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| this side of the heart simultaneously pumps blood into the body |
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Term
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Definition
| thin-walled reservoirs that are the receiving chambers of the heart, receiving blood flowng back to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| thick-walled muscular pumping chamber that pumps blood out of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the main purpose of valves to separate each chamber in the heartis to prevent |
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Term
| the atrioventricular valves |
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Definition
| (mitral and the tricuspid valves) separate the atria and ventricles and they open during diastole (filling phase) to fill ventricles with blood. Then during systole (pumping phase), these valves close ro prevent reguritation |
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Term
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Definition
(pulmonic and aortic valves) between the arteries and ventricles, they open during systole (pumping phase) for blood to eject from the heart
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Term
| 4-6 L of blood per minute |
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Definition
| in the resting adult, the heart pumps |
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Term
| stroke volume ( amt of volume in each systole) * R (beats per min) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (preload) witht he frank-starling law, the greater the stretch, the stronger is the _____, which then increases the volume of blood ejected |
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Term
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Definition
| the left and right lies between the groove of the trachea and sternomastoid muscle |
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Term
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Definition
these veins empty unoxygenated blood into the superior vena cava
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Term
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Definition
| from turbulent blood flow, which is gentle, blowing, swooshign sound that can be heard on the chest wall |
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Term
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Definition
| A squeezing clenched fist is a sign of |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a sputum production in which is a pulmonary disorder, but sometimes can occur with mitral stenosis |
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Term
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Definition
| when there's fatique from decrease CO it happens in the |
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Term
| all day or worsens in the morning |
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Definition
| fatique from anxiety or depressoin occurs |
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Term
| myocardial infarction or low CO |
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Definition
| cyanosis or pallor occurs with |
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Term
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Definition
| edema is _______where there is heart fsiailure |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac edema is better in the morning than at night because of |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac edeme is bilateral, when it's uni later swelling that means there is a _______________cause |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who has heart failure and moves alot during the day, but when they sleep there's a lot of fluid reabsorption and excretion of urine |
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Term
| Risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) |
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Definition
| always collect data for this regarding elevated cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, blood sugar above 130 mg/dL or , also known diabetes mellitus, obesity, cigarette smoking, low activity level, and length f hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women |
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Term
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Definition
| when you screen heart disease in the infant, note fatique during ________________, infants with heart failuret ake fewer ounces each feeding, becomes dyspneic with sucking, diaphoretic, falls into exhaustion sleep, awakens after a short time when hungry again |
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Term
| carotid sinus hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| condition in which pressure over the carotid sinus leqads to decrease heart rate, decreased BP, and cerebral ischemia wtih syncope which occyrs in odler afults with hypertension or occlusion of carotid artery |
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Term
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Definition
| this sounds much like the bruit but it caused by a cardiac disorder |
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Term
| local cause (kinking or aneurysm) |
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Definition
| unilateral distention of external jugular veins is due to |
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Term
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Definition
| If there is full distended external jugular veins above 45 degrees (which is suppose to dissapear) it signifies an increase |
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Term
| 3cm above sternal angle while at 45 degree |
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Definition
| elevated blood pressure is a level of pulstion that is more than the |
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Term
| and stays elevated as long as you push |
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Definition
| you knoww hen heart failure is prsent when the jugular veins elevate |
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Term
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Definition
| when venous pressure is elevated or there may be heart heart failure present, perform this by positioning the person supine and tell them to breath quiwtly through open mouth and use your right hanf on the right upper quadrant below the rib cage and as you push watch the level of jugular pulsation with a sustained pressure for 30 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained forceful thrusting of ventricle during systole which occurs with ypertroping and increased workload |
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Term
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Definition
| this heave is seen at the sternal border |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| using the palmar of your fingers gently palpate the apex, left sternal border, and the base and normally none should occur, if there is note timing and use the carotid artery as a guide |
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Term
| x-ray and echocardiogragm |
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Definition
to outline the hearts border, percussion used to be used but now it is replaced with ______________.percusion limited especially with the female breasts.
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Term
| ventricular volume or wall thickness |
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Definition
| cardiac enlargement is due to increased____________which occurs ith hypertension, CAD, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy |
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Term
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Definition
To ausculate the precordium you will use both ________of the stethoscope
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Term
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Definition
| heart sounds are usually _______ frequency |
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Term
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Definition
When assessing auscultation on the precordium, always start with the ____________first do this routine:
1) note rate and rhythm
2) identify S1 and S2
3) Assess S1 and S2 separately
4)listen for extra heart sounds,
5) listen for murmurs |
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Term
| 50 to 90 beats per minutes |
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Definition
when ausculatating the rate ranges are normally
________________ and are regular |
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Term
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Definition
| normally occurs in young adults and children . with this, the rhythm varies with person's breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration |
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Term
| pulse deficit; apical rate |
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Definition
If you notice any irregularity, you must check for the _____________by auscultating the apical beat while simulateanously palpating the radial pulse. the counts should be identical but if not, subtract the radial rate from the__________
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| S1 coincides with the, and if the ECG monitor is also conicides with R wave |
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Term
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Definition
| pericardial fluid, obesity, emphysema can ___________ S1 heart sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| the first lub-dub, can be heard through the diaphragm of stethoscope, beginning of systole when the AV vales closes, heard loudest at the apex, lower pitch than S2, and a S1 split is normal (occurs rarely) |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is an S1 split that is rapid (0.03 seconds) you can hear the mitral and the tricuspid components |
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Term
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Definition
| closure of semilunar valves, loudest at the base, you can hear it with the diaphragm, and S2 split if normal |
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Term
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Definition
| is heard only on the pulmonic valve. In inspiration, the two valves timing are separated with aorta closing before pulmonic at about 0.06 seconds. You hear T-dub. Then with expiration they synchronize again. This occurs every |
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Term
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Definition
| this occurs during systole with the mitral valve and is the most common extra heart sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the third and fourth heart sounds occur in _________________ and it may be normal or abnormal |
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Term
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Definition
| this split is unaffected by respiration, it will forever be there |
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Term
| heart failure and volume overload |
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Definition
| pathologic S3 (ventricular gallop) occurs with |
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Term
timing
loudness
pitch
pattern
quality
location
radiation
posture |
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Definition
| For murmurs always assess the |
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Term
| congenital defects and acquired valvular defects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this is crucial to define if the murmur occurs in diastole or systole. Describe as early, mid, or late diastole or systole and whether it obscured or muffles with the heart sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a systolic murmur occurs with a normal heart or heart disease, but a diastolic murmur always indicated a |
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Term
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Definition
Grade i- barely audible, heard only in a quiet room and then with difficulty
grade ii-clearly audible, but faint
grade iii-moderately loud
grade iv- loud associated with a thrill palpable on the chest wall
grade v- loud, associated with one corner of the stethoscope lifted off the chest wall
grade vi- loudest, still heard with entire stethoscope lidted just off the chest wall |
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Term
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Definition
| describe murmur has high medium or low which depends on the pressure and rate of blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| murmur of mitral stenosis is and murmur for arotic stenosis is |
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Term
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Definition
| no valvular or other pathologic cause. is generally soft (grade ii), midsystolic, short, cresendo-decresendo, with a vibratory/musical quality and is heard in the third or second intercostal space. When sitting down, it dissapears and no signs for cardial dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| is due to increased blood flow in the heart |
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Term
| leaning forward in sitting position |
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Definition
| murmur of aortic regurigtations sometimes may be heard when person is |
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Term
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Definition
| with infant you want to assess for the first _____________and then again in |
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Term
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Definition
| the infant's heart is more ______________ so apical impulse is at the ____intercostal space. |
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Term
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Definition
| if fetal shunts fail to close then it may be a |
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Term
| oxygen saturation of congenital heart disease |
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Definition
| cyanosis at or just after birth signals |
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Term
| heart failure signs in infant |
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Definition
| most important signs in an infant would be persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, and lvier enlargement. other signs are engorged veins, gallop ehythm, pulsus alternans |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphragmatic hernia shift to the |
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Term
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Definition
| pneumothorax shifts away from |
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Term
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Definition
| rare anomaly in which the heart is located on the right side |
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Term
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Definition
| immediatedly after birth, the heart rate may range from |
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Term
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Definition
| newborns stablized heart rate is from |
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Term
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Definition
| newborns heart rate when sleeping is |
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Term
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Definition
| murmurs are relatively common in the first because of fetal shunt closure |
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Term
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Definition
| clubbbing of fingers and toes dont usually appear until late of |
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Term
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Definition
this S3 is common in children and has a dull soft sound best heard at apex and it occurs in early diiastole after S2
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Term
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Definition
| due to turbulence of blood flow in the jugular venous system and is common is health children and has no p athologic significance. It has a continous low-pitched soft hum and gets louder when the child stands |
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Term
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Definition
| heart murmurs that are innocent or functinal in childhood are very ___________. innocent murmurs are soft, short systolic ejection, medium pitche, vibratory, and best heard on left lower sternal or midsternal border, no radiation to apex base or back |
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Term
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Definition
| Because children's chest wall is so thing you can see apical bulse but you should see a ____which can indicate cardiac enlargment |
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Term
| right ventricle enlargment |
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Definition
| substernal heave occurs in the |
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Term
| left ventricle enlargement |
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Definition
| apical heave occurs in the |
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Term
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Definition
| the apical impulse moves _____________with cardiac enlargment |
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Term
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Definition
there's an increase in resting pulse of 10 to 15 minutes and a drop in BP. Lowest point of Low BP is on second trimester, then increases in third trimester. BP always varies-> left lateral recumbent is lowest, supine is higher, then sitting up is the highest. In light individuals, there may be hyperemia present and apical impulse is increased and much more lateral because of diaphragm elevating.
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Term
| heart sounds of pregnant woman |
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Definition
exaggerated splitting S1, then increased loudness of S1
Then easily loud S3 heard |
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Term
| heart murmurs of pregnant woman |
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Definition
systolic murmur (90%) occurs and usually disappears after delivery
soft diastolic murmur transient heard (19%)
Continuous murmurs (mammary souffle) (10%)
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Term
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Definition
| continous murmur of the pregnant woman when its near term or when they are lactating, this murmur is heard is the 2nd 3rd 4th intercostal space. This can be obliterated with pressure on stethoscope or one finger lateral to murmur. usually with an ECG there's no changes indicated |
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Term
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Definition
| murmurs of aortic valve disease cannot be |
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Term
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Definition
| a gradual _________in systolic BP occurs with aging, with the diastolic BP staying constant with a wide pressure pulse. |
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Term
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Definition
Some aging adults do experience _____________, when there's a sudden drop in BP when rising to sit up or stand
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Term
| stiffens, dialates, and elongates |
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Definition
| in the aging adult the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| because the aging adults anteriorposterior diameter increases, its hard to palpate, and hear splittnig of _. S4 is common and has no known disease. SYSTOLIC MURMURS and ECTOPIC BEATS ARE COMMON. |
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Term
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Definition
| S3 in adults is not good because it's associated with __________and is abnormal over age 35 years. |
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