Term
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Definition
| to detect pulmonary embolism when less invasive studies are nondiagnostic; to evaluate pulmonary circulation abnormalities; to evaluate pulmonary circulation preoperatively in the patient with congenital heart disease; to locate a large embolus before surgical removal— this test is a radiographic examination of the pulmonary circulation following injection of a radiopaque iodine contrast agent into the pulmonary artery or one of its branches |
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Term
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Definition
| to evaluate the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange; to assess the integrity of the ventilator control system; to determine the acid-base level of the blood; to monitor respiratory therapy—this test is used to measure the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, the pp of arterial carbon dioxide, and the pH of an arterial sample. |
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Term
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Definition
| to determine the cause of dyspnea; to assess the effectiveness of specific therapeutic regimens; to determine whether a functional abnormality is obstructive or restrictive; to measure pulmonary dysfunction; to evaluate a person as part of a job screening (firefighting, for example)—this test evaluates ventilatory function through spirometric measurements on patients with suspected pulmonary dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| to visually examine a tumor, an obstruction, secretions, bleeding, or a foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree; to help diagnose bronchogenic carcinoma, TB, interstitial pulmonary disease, and fungal or parasitic pulmonary infection by obtaining a specimen for bacteriologic and cytologic examination; to remove foreign bodies, malignant or benign tumors, mucus plugs, and excessive secretions from the tracheobronchial tree—this test allows direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi through a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope or a rigid metal bronchoscope. |
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Term
| Perfusion and ventilation scans |
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Definition
| a type of medical imaging using scintigraphy to evaluate the circulation of air and blood within a patient's lungs. The ventilation part of the test looks at the ability of air to reach all parts of the lungs, while the perfusion part evaluates how well the blood circulates within the lungs. This test is most commonly done in order to check for the presence of a blood clot or abnormal blood flow inside the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| to help identify primary conduction abnormalities, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac hypertrophy, pericarditis, electrolyte imbalances, myocardial ischemia, and the site and extent of MI; to monitor recovery from an MI; to evaluate the effectiveness of cardiac medication (cardiac glycosides, anti arrhythmics, anti hypertensives, and vasodilators); to assess pacemaker performance; to determine the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy and the resolution of ST-segment depression or elevation and T-wave changes—this test evaluates cardiac status by recording the electrical current generated by the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| to diagnose and evaluate valvular abnormalities; to measure the size of the hearts chambers; to evaluate chambers and valves in congenital heart disorders; to help diagnose hypertrophic and related cardiomyopathies; to detect atrial tumors; to evaluate cardiac function or wall motion afer myocardial infarction; to detect pericardial effusion; to detect mural thrombi—this test is a noninvasive test that show the size, shape, and motion of cardiac structures. |
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Term
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Definition
| to evaluate valvular insufficiency or stenosis, septal defects, congential anomalies, myocardial function and blood supply, and cardiac wall motion; to help diagnose left ventricular enlargement, aortic root enlargement, ventricular aneurysms, and intracardiac shunts. |
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Term
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
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Definition
| periodic acute attacks of shortness of breath that awaken a person, usually after several hours of sleep in a recumbent position |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty breathing in any position other than an upright one |
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Term
| adventitious breath sounds |
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Definition
| breath sounds that are not normal |
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Term
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Definition
fine, high pitched crackling and popping noises (discontinuous sounds) heard
during the end of inspiration. Not cleared by cough |
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Term
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Definition
| high-pitched musical sound similar to a squeak. Heard more commonly during expiration, but may also be heard during inspiration. Occurs in small airways. |
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Term
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Definition
| low-pitched, coarse, loud, low snoring or moaning tone. Actually sounds like snoring. Heard primarily during expiration, but may also be heard during inspiration. Coughing may clear. |
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Term
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Definition
| normal breath sounds heard over most of the lungs |
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Term
| bronchovesicular breath sounds |
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Definition
| refers to breath sounds at a moderate pitch heard in the posterior chest over the outer center of the back on either side of the spine between the scapulae and in the anterior chest around the sternal border |
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Term
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Definition
| used to describe a harsh high-pitched sound associated with breathing that is often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| high-pitched breath sounds normally heard over the trachea and immediately above the manubrium; considered abnormal if heard anywhere over the posterior or lateral chest |
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Term
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Definition
| vibratory sensations of the spoken voice felt through the chest wall on palpation |
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Term
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Definition
| - an accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of the alveolar walls causes permanent abnormal enlargement of the air spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| - air in the pleural spaces results in this; three types: 1. Closed- which may be spontaneous, traumatic, or iatrogenic; 2. Open- which occurs following penetration of the chest by either injury or surgical procedure; 3. Tension- which develops when air leaks into the pleura and cannot escape |
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Term
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Definition
| blood in the pleural space caused by injury to the chest results in this |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the collapsed alveoli caused by external pressure from a tumor, fluid, or air in the pleural space or by removal of air from hypoventilation or obstruction by secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| the SA node- sends out impulses that stimulate contractions of both atria and then flow to the AV node in the inferior aspect of the right atrium |
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Term
| peripheral vascular system |
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Definition
| arteries, capillaries, and veins provide blood flow to and from tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty breathing in any position other than an upright one |
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Term
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Definition
| coughing up blood or referring to bloody sputum |
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Term
| intermittent claudication |
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Definition
| condition characterized by symptoms of pain, aching, cramping, and localized fatigue of the legs that occur while walking but that can e relieved by rest (2 to 5 mins); discomfort occurs most often in the calf but may arise in the foot, thigh, hip, or buttock |
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Term
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Definition
| a murmur occurring during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| a murmur occurring in the filling phase of the cardiac cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain that is due to ischemia of the myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when myocardial ischemia is sustained resulting in death of myocardial cells (necrosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| when either ventricle fails to pump blood efficiently into the aorta or pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| an infection of the endothelial layer of the heart, including the cardiac valves |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium and outer myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| when a thrombus (clot) develops within a vein |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of a vein that may or may not be accompanied by a clot |
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Term
| # of packs smoked per day x # of yrs smoked |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| costal angle should be no greater than what? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| on inspiration, is there a low pressure or high pressure inside the chest cavity? |
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Term
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Definition
| on expiration, is there a high pressure or low pressure in the chest cavity? |
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Term
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Definition
| acute cough lasts how long?? |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic cough lasts how long? |
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Term
| colds, viral infections, or bronchitis |
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Definition
| white or clear sputum coughed up is indicative of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow or green sputum coughed up is indicative of what? |
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Term
| smoke or coal dust inhalation |
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Definition
| black sputum coughed up is indicative of what? |
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Term
| TB or pneumococcal pneumonia |
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Definition
| rust-colored sputum coughed up is indicative of what? |
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Term
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Definition
| pink frothy sputum is associated with what? |
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Term
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Definition
| thick sputum is associated with what? |
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Term
| bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis |
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Definition
| foul smelling sputum is typically associated with what? |
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Term
| 12-20 breaths per min (eupnea) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory rate less than 12bmp; rate and depth smooth and even |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory rate greater than 20bpm; rate and depth smooth and even |
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Term
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Definition
| increased rate and depth of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| when hyperventilation occurs with ketoacidosis, very deep and laborious breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing characterized by irregularly interspersed periods of apnea in a disorganized and irregular pattern, rate, or depth. may be associated with persistent intracranial pressure, respiratory distress, or damage to medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing characterized by intervals of apnea interspersed with with a deep and rapid breathing pattern; may be seen in clients with severe illness, brain damage, or drug overdose |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal respiratory pattern frequently seen in clients with COPD. characterized by rapid inspirations with prolonged forced expirations; air isn't fully exhaled, thus it becomes trapped in the lungs which eventually leads to barrel chest |
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Term
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Definition
| where are bronchial breath sounds heard normally? pitch & intensity? |
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Term
| first and second intercostal spaces at sternal border anteriorly; posteriorly at t4 medial to scapula; moderate & medium |
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Definition
| where are bronchovesicular breath sounds normally heard? pitch & intensity? |
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Term
| peripheral lung fields; low & soft |
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Definition
| where are vesicular breath sounds heard normally? pitch & intensity? |
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Term
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Definition
| fine high-pitched crackling and popping noises (discontinuous sounds) heard during the end of inspiration; not cleared by coughing---may be heard in pneumonia, heart failure, asthma and restrictive pulmonary diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| medium-pitched, moist sound heard about halfway through inspiration. not cleared by cough; may be heard in pneumonia, heart, failure, asthma, and restrictive pulmonary disease |
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Term
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Definition
| low-pitched, bubbling or gurgling sounds that start early in inspiration and extend into the first part of expiration. pneumonia, heart failure, asthma, restrictive pulmonary diseases, diminished gag reflex. also heard in pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| high pitched musical sound similar to a squeak. heard more commonly during expiration, but may also be heard during inspiration. occurs in small airways. heard in narrowed airway diseases such as asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| low pitched, coarse, loud, low snoring or moaning tone. actually sounds like snoring. heard primarily during expiration but may also be heard during inspiration. coughing may clear. heard in disorders causing obstruction of the trachea or bronchus, such as chronic bronchitis |
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Term
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Definition
| a superficial, low pitched, coarse rubbing or grating sound. sounds like two surfaces rubbing together. heard throughout inspiration and expiration. loudest over the lower anterolateral surface. not cleared by cough. heard in individuals with pleurisy |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a harsh, high pitched sound associated with breathing that is often caused by laryngeal or tracheal obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of the diaphragm with maximum inspiration and expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of mucous membrane of bronchial tree caused by viruses or bacteria; characterized by cough, chest pain, fever, malaise, tachypnea |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli; caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycoplasma, or aspiration of gastric secretions; characterized by cough (productive and nonproductive), fever, tachypnea, dyspnea, crackles/wheezes |
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Term
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Definition
| contagious bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis; characterized by fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, fever, and cough with mucopurulent sputum; checked for it by PPD screening |
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Term
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Definition
| an accumulation of serous fluid in the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleurae; due to inflammation from infection, injury, cancer; characterized by dyspnea, intercostal bulging, decreased chest wall movement, diminished breath sounds, fremitus |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of purulent exudate in pleural space; characterized by fever, increased RR, fremitus, diminished/absent breath sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles; characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, large quantity of purulent sputum, crackles, wheezing, rhonchi |
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Term
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Definition
| airway obstruction and inflammation, bronchospasms; characterized by increased RR, prolonged respiration, wheezes, shortness of breath, tachycardia, diminished breath sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent abnormal enlargement of air space due to alveolar wall destruction; characterized by being underweight with a barrel chest, SOB, pursed lip breathing, tripod position, diminished breath sounds, wheezes/crackles |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersecretion of mucus by the goblet cells of the trachea and bronchi; productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successful years; characterized by productive cough, increased mucous production, dyspnea, rhonchi |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal recessive genetic disorder; multisystem; abnormally thick mucus production; characterized by cough, congestion, thick mucus secretions, tachypnea, retractions, decreased chest movement, crackles/wheezes |
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Term
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Definition
| right sided heart failure due to chronic obstructive lung disorders; right ventricular hypertrophy; characterized by jugular vein distention, weight gain, peripheral edema, bounding pulse, enlarged liver |
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Term
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Definition
| air in the pleural space; three types: open, closed, tension. characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, respiratory distress, paradoxic chest movement, tracheal displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| blood in pleural space; signs are similar to those in pneumothorax--dyspnea, tachypnea, respiratory distress, paradoxic chest wall movement, tracheal displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| collapsed alveoli caused by hypersecretions or hypoventilation. affected lobe has diminished or absent breath sounds; decreased O2 saturation (<90%) |
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Term
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Definition
| an uncontrolled growth of anaplastic cells in the lung; causative factors: tobacco, abestos; persistent cough, weight loss, congestion, hemoptysis, labored breathing |
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