Term
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Definition
| the area on the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart extends from the ____ to the ___ intercostal space |
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Definition
| a tough fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscular wall of the heart that does the pumping |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and valves |
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Term
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Definition
| this heart sound occurs with closure of the AV valves and thus signals the beginning of systole. |
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Term
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Definition
where is S1 usually the loudest? |
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Term
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Definition
| This heart sound occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does S2 sound the loudest? |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally this part of the cardiac cycle is a silent event |
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Term
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Definition
| This extra heart sound occurs when the ventricles are resistant to filling during prodiastole |
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Term
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Definition
| This extra heart sound occurs at the end of diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resistant to filling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditions that create turbulent blood flow cause a _______, or a gentle, blowing sound that can be heard on the chest wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ equals the volume of blood in each systole |
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Term
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Definition
________ is the venous return that builds during diastole. It is the length to which the ventricular muscle is stretched at the end of diastole just before contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____________ is the opposing pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| This artery is located in the groove between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle, medial to and alongside that muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| These veins empty unoxygenated blood directly into the superior vena cava and they reflect filling pressure and volume changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| At how many weeks of gestation to the fetal heart begin to beat? |
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Term
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Definition
| how long does it normally take the foramen ovale to close in the newborn? |
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Term
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Definition
| how long does it take the ductus arteriosus to close in the newborn? |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of arrhythmia is common in aging people , although they are usually asymptomatic in healthy older people |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of arrhythmia may not be tolerated will in older people because the myocardium is thicker and less compliant. |
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Term
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Definition
| this important cardiac symptom occurs when the heart's vascular supply cannot keep up with metabolic demand. |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the characteristic sign of angina? |
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Term
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
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Definition
| This occurs with heat failure, and classically, the person will awaken after 2 hours of sleep with the perception of needing fresh air. |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to assume a more upright position to breathe |
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Term
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Definition
| recumbency at night promotes fluid reabsorption and excretion; this occurs with heart failure in the person who is ambulatory during the day |
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Term
| Carotid sinus hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| The conditin in which pressure over the carotid sinus leads to a decreased heart rate, decreased BP, and cerebral ischemia with syncope. |
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Term
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Definition
| this blowing, swishing sound indicates turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as artherosclerotic narrowing |
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Term
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Definition
| from the jugular veins you can assess the __________ and thus judge the heart's efficiency as a pump |
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Term
| increased CVP as with heart failure |
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Definition
| What do distended external jugular veins above 45 degrees signify? |
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Term
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Definition
| Elevated pressure of the jugular vein is > ____cm above the strernal angle and occurs with heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| this empties venous blood out of the liver sinusoids and adds its volume to the venous system. If the heart is unable to pump this additional volume, the jugular veins will rise for a few seconds, then recede back to previous level. |
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Term
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Definition
| a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. It occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload. |
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Term
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Definition
| a palpable vibration that signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| this occurs normally in young adults and young children, the rhythm of the heart varies with the person's breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| an isolated beat is early, or a pattern occurs in which every third or fourth beat sounds early |
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Term
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Definition
| no pattern to the sounds; beats come rapidly and at random intervals |
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Term
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Definition
| a ________ signals a weak contraction of the ventricles; it occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beat, and heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| This split is unaffected by respiration; the split is always there |
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Term
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Definition
| this split is the opposite of what you would expect; the sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration |
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Term
| pathologic S3 (ventricular gallop) |
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Definition
| This extra heart sound occurs with heart failure and volume overload |
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Term
| pathologic S4 (atrial gallop) |
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Definition
| This extra heart sound occurs with CAD |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ murmur indicates having no valvular or other pathologic cause |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ murmur is due to increased blood flow in the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare anomaly in which the heart is located on the right side of the chest |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuous, low-pitched, soft hum that is heard throughout the cardiac cycle but is loudest in diastole due to turbulence of blood flow in the jugular venous system. This is common in healthy children and has no pathologic significance |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a continuous murmur sometimes heard in breast vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand |
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Term
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Definition
| This heart sound is always abnormal and associated with heart failure when it occurs in people over age 35 |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the precordium gives rises to this sound which is high pitched and scratchy, like sandpaper being rubbed. It is usually heard at the apex and the left lower sternal border |
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Term
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA |
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Definition
| Persistence of the channel joining left pulmonary artery to aorta. This is normal in the fetus and usually closes spontaneously within hours of birth |
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Term
| atrial septal defect (ASD) |
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Definition
| Abnormal opening in the atrial septum, resulting usually in left-to-right shunt and causing large increase in pulmonary blood flow |
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Term
| Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) |
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Definition
| abnormal opening in septum between the ventricles, usually subaortic area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe narrowing of descending aorta usually at the junction of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Results in increased work load on left ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| calcification of aortic valve cusps restricts forward flow of blood during systole. LV hypertrophy develops |
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Term
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Definition
| calcification of pulmonic valve restricts forward flow of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcified mitral valve will not open properly, impedes forward flow of blood into LV during diastole. Results in LA enlarged and LA pressure increased. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcification of tricuspid valve impedes forward flow into RV during diastole |
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