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Health Assessment Heart and Neck Vessels ch 19
Jarvis's Health Assessment chapter 19
60
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
12/17/2010

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Term
precordium
Definition
the area on the anterior chest overlying the heart and great vessels
Term
2nd- 5th
Definition
The heart extends from the ____ to the ___ intercostal space
Term
pericardium
Definition
a tough fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
Term
myocardium
Definition
the muscular wall of the heart that does the pumping
Term
endocardium
Definition
the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and valves
Term
S1
Definition
this heart sound occurs with closure of the AV valves and thus signals the beginning of systole.
Term
the apex of the heart
Definition

 

where is S1 usually the loudest?

Term
S2
Definition
This heart sound occurs with the closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole.
Term
The base of the heart
Definition
Where does S2 sound the loudest?
Term
diastole
Definition
Normally this part of the cardiac cycle is a silent event
Term
S3
Definition
This extra heart sound occurs when the ventricles are resistant to filling during prodiastole
Term
S4
Definition
This extra heart sound occurs at the end of diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resistant to filling.
Term
Murmur
Definition
Conditions that create turbulent blood flow cause a _______, or a gentle, blowing sound that can be heard on the chest wall. 
Term
cardiac output
Definition
_______ equals the volume of blood in each systole
Term
preload
Definition

 

________ is the venous return that builds during diastole. It is the length to which the ventricular muscle is stretched at the end of diastole just before contraction.

Term
afterload
Definition
_____________ is the opposing pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure.
Term
carotid artery
Definition
This artery is located in the groove between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle, medial to and alongside that muscle.
Term
jugular veins
Definition
These veins empty unoxygenated blood directly into the superior vena cava and they reflect filling pressure and volume changes.
Term
3 weeks
Definition
At how many weeks of gestation to the fetal heart begin to beat?
Term
1 hr after birth
Definition
how long does it normally take the foramen ovale to close in the newborn?
Term
10-15 hours after birth
Definition
how long does it take the ductus arteriosus to close in the newborn?
Term
ectopic beats
Definition
this type of arrhythmia is common in aging people , although they are usually asymptomatic in healthy older people
Term
tacharrhythmias
Definition
this type of arrhythmia may not be tolerated will in older people because the myocardium is thicker and less compliant.
Term
angina
Definition
this important cardiac symptom occurs when the heart's vascular supply cannot keep up with metabolic demand.
Term
"clenched fist"
Definition
what is the characteristic sign of angina?
Term
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Definition
This occurs with heat failure, and classically, the person will awaken after 2 hours of sleep with the perception of needing fresh air.
Term
orthopnea
Definition
the need to assume a more upright position to breathe
Term
nocturia
Definition
recumbency at night promotes fluid reabsorption and excretion; this occurs with heart failure in the person who is ambulatory during the day
Term
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
Definition
The conditin in which pressure over the carotid sinus leads to a decreased heart rate, decreased BP, and cerebral ischemia with syncope.
Term
bruit
Definition
this blowing, swishing sound indicates turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as artherosclerotic narrowing
Term
central venous pressure
Definition
from the jugular veins you can assess the __________  and thus judge the heart's efficiency as a pump
Term
increased CVP as with heart failure
Definition
What do distended external jugular veins above 45 degrees signify?
Term
3
Definition
Elevated pressure of the jugular vein is > ____cm above the strernal angle and occurs with heart failure
Term
hepatojugular reflex
Definition
this empties venous blood out of the liver sinusoids and adds its volume to the venous system. If the heart is unable to pump this additional volume, the jugular veins will rise for a few seconds, then recede back to previous level.
Term
heave or lift
Definition
a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. It occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload.
Term
thrill
Definition
a palpable vibration that signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs.
Term
sinus arrhythmia
Definition
this occurs normally in young adults and young children, the rhythm of the heart varies with the person's breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration.
Term
premature beat
Definition
an isolated beat is early, or a pattern occurs in which every third or fourth beat sounds early
Term
irregularly irregular
Definition
no pattern to the sounds; beats come rapidly and at random intervals
Term
pulse deficit
Definition
a ________ signals a weak contraction of the ventricles; it occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beat, and heart failure
Term
fixed split
Definition
This split is unaffected by respiration; the split is always there
Term
paradoxical split
Definition
this split is the opposite of what you would expect; the sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration
Term
pathologic S3 (ventricular gallop)
Definition
This extra heart sound occurs with heart failure and volume overload
Term
pathologic S4 (atrial gallop)
Definition
This extra heart sound occurs with CAD
Term
innocent
Definition
________ murmur indicates having no valvular or other pathologic cause
Term
functional
Definition
__________ murmur is due to increased blood flow in the heart
Term
dextocardia
Definition
a rare anomaly in which the heart is located on the right side of the chest
Term
venous hum
Definition
a continuous, low-pitched, soft hum that is heard throughout the cardiac cycle but is loudest in diastole due to turbulence of blood flow in the jugular venous system. This is common in healthy children and has no pathologic significance
Term
mammary souffle
Definition
this is a continuous murmur sometimes heard in breast vasculature
Term
orthostatic hypotension
Definition
a sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand
Term
S3
Definition
This heart sound is always abnormal and associated with heart failure when it occurs in people over age 35
Term
pericardial friction rub
Definition
Inflammation of the precordium gives rises to this sound which is high pitched and scratchy, like sandpaper being rubbed. It is usually heard at the apex and the left lower sternal border
Term
Patent Ductus Arteriosus PDA
Definition
Persistence of the channel joining left pulmonary artery to aorta. This is normal in the fetus and usually closes spontaneously within hours of birth
Term
atrial septal defect (ASD)
Definition
Abnormal opening in the atrial septum, resulting usually in left-to-right shunt and causing large increase in pulmonary blood flow
Term
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Definition
abnormal opening in septum between the ventricles, usually subaortic area. 
Term
coarctation of the aorta
Definition
Severe narrowing of descending aorta usually at the junction of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Results in increased work load on left ventricle
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
calcification of aortic valve cusps restricts forward flow of blood during systole. LV hypertrophy develops
Term
pulmonic stenosis
Definition
calcification of pulmonic valve restricts forward flow of blood
Term
Mitral Stenosis
Definition
Calcified mitral valve will not open properly, impedes forward flow of blood into LV during diastole. Results in LA enlarged and LA pressure increased.
Term
Tricuspid Stenosis
Definition
Calcification of tricuspid valve impedes forward flow into RV during diastole
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