• sclera
• choroids
• retina

• outermost layer
• extremely dense, hard, fibrous membrane that helps maintain the shape of the eye

• clear, transparent part of the sclera
• window of the eye that allows light to enter

• third and innermost membrane
• sensory portion of the eye
• direct extension of the optic nerve

• Cornea
• Aqueous humor
• Crystalline lens
• Viterous humor

• nearsightedness
• condition in which light rays focus in front of the retina

• farsightedness
• light ray focuses behind the retina

• Situated directly behind the pupil and is a biconvex, transparent, and flexible structure 
• seperates the anterior and posterior segments of the eye

• vision in both eyes
• beings to develop by 6 weeks of age

• Clouding of the lens of the eye
• Exposure to sunlight without sunglasses promotes it

Assessment of:

1. Visual acuity
2. Visual fields
3. muscle function
4. external eye structures
5. Opthalmoscope examination

• Numerator: the distance from the chart
• Denominator: the distance at which a person with normal vision can read the last line

Cornea curves more in one direction than another

Vision may be blurred or doubled

Inward turning of the eye

Outward turning of the eye

• White cheeselike mixture of sebum and epidermal cells
• Newborn covered in it at time of birth

• Grey, blue, or purple spots in the sacral and buttocks areas of newborns
• Should not be interpreted as signs of abuse

• Liver spots
• Look like hyper-pigmented freckels and most commonly found on the backs of hands and the arms

• Loss of color in skin due to the abscence of oxygenated hemoglobin
• May be caused by smoking, cold environment, or stress

• Cardiac disease
• Pulmonary disease
• Heart malformations
• Low hemoglobin levels

• Bright red, raised lesions
• 2-10cm in diameter
• Cluster of immature capillaries

• flat irregularly shaped lesions ranging in color from red to deep purple
• large, flat mass of blood vessels on skin surface

• Flat, bright red dot with tiny radiating blood vessels
• ranges in size from pinpoint to 2cm
• elevated estrogen levels, preegnancy, vitamin B deficiency, liver disease

• Flat blue lesion with radiating, cascading, or linear veins extending from center
• ranges in size from 3-25cm
• Type of vascular dilation caused by intravenous pressure in superficial veins

• Flat, red or purple rounded "freckles"
• 1-3mm in diameter
• minute hemorrhages resulting from fragile capillaries

• Flat, reddish blue, irregularly shaped extensive patches of varying size
• bleeding disorders, scurvy, and fragility in capillaries in older adults

Flat, irregularly shaped lesions of varying size with no pulsation

Release of blood from superficial vessels into surrounding tissue due to trauma

Both: flat, nonpalpable changes in the skin color

Macule: smaller than 1cm

Patch: larger than 1cm

Both: elevated, solid palpable masses

Papules: < 0.5cm (moles/warts)

Plaques: >0.5cm and are groups of papules

Both: elevated, solid, hard or soft palpable masses extending deeper into the dermis than papule

Nodule: 0.5-2cm

Tumors: > 2cm

Both: elevated, fluid filled, round or oval shaped, palpable masses with thin, translucent walls

Vesicles: <0.5cm

Bullae: >0.5cm

Elevated, often reddish area with an irregualr border caused by diffuse fluid in tissues rather than free fluid in a cavity

Ex: insect bites

Elevated, pus-filled vesicle or bulla

EX: acne and boils

Elevated, encapsulted, non-tender fluid-filled or semi-solid mass

Usually 1cm or larger