Term
| What causes papitable crepitus during a lung assessment? |
|
Definition
| air escapes fr lung of ariways into the subcutaneous tissue , open thoracic injury, around chest tube, or tracheostomy. Extreme consolidation and congestion. |
|
|
Term
| What causes increases fremitus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronchial obstruction, air trapping(emphysema), pleural effusion, pnuemothorax |
|
|
Term
| What is normal chest expansion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does aging effect chest expansion? |
|
Definition
| Calcification of costal cartilages and loss of accessory musculaturethoracic expansion may decrease but should still be symetrical |
|
|
Term
| What are conditions that may cause uneven chest expansion? |
|
Definition
| severe, atelectasis,pneumonia, chest trauma,pneumothorax. |
|
|
Term
| What causes decreased chest expansion at base of lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is normal diaphragmatic expansion? |
|
Definition
| 3-5 cm. 7-8 for well-conditioned person |
|
|
Term
| describe bronchial sounds, where are they hear best? |
|
Definition
| high pitch, harsh, hallow, loud, short inspiratin, long expiration. Heard over trachia and thorax |
|
|
Term
| Describe bronchovesicular sounds, where are they heard best? |
|
Definition
| Moderate pitch, mixed quality, moderate amplitute, same ins and ex. heard over major bronchi. btw scapulae, upper sternum, 1st and second ICS |
|
|
Term
| Describe vasicular sounds. Where are they heard best? |
|
Definition
| low pitch, breezy, soft, long ins short exp, heard over periferal lung fild |
|
|
Term
| What are the accecory muscles sometimes used for breathing? |
|
Definition
| Trapezius, sternomastoid, scalene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ventricles are relaxed
Tricuspid valve and mitral valve are open
Blood is flowing into the ventricles
Atria contract and last amount of blood goes into ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What produces the S1 sound? |
|
Definition
| Tricuspid and mitral valve snap shut |
|
|
Term
| How is the S1 sound identified? |
|
Definition
S1 is louder than S2 at the apex
S1 coincides with carotid artery pulse
S1 coincides with R wave on ECG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high frequency sounds after S1- heard with functional valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening of stenotic valve |
|
|
Term
| What is the 3rd heart sound? |
|
Definition
| early rapid filling sound after S2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the 4th heart sound? |
|
Definition
| atria contract and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle heard b4 S1 |
|
|
Term
| What causes the 4th heart sound? |
|
Definition
| Decrease compliance of ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
LV hypertrophy,Fatigue, DOE, Chest pain or Dizziness
Loud, midsystolic murmur |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of pulmonic stenosis? |
|
Definition
Ejection click after S1
RV hypertrophy
Systolic murmur- |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebrum? |
|
Definition
memory,perception,
communication,initiation of voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
| Discribe structure and funtion of diencephalon |
|
Definition
| lies beneath cerebral hemispheres, consit of thalamus and hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the thalamus? |
|
Definition
| screen and direct impulses to specific area of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the mid brain? |
|
Definition
| serves as relay center of for ear and eye reflexes and relays impulses between higher cerebral centers and lower pons, medulla,cerebelum, and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| What's the purpose of the pons? |
|
Definition
| links cerbellum to cerebrum and mid brain to medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the medulla oblongata? |
|
Definition
| contains nuclei for cranial nerves and has centers that control and regulate repiratory function , HR and force, and BP |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| conducts sensory impulses up ascending tracts of the brain,conducts senory impulses down descending tracts to neurons that stimulate glands and muscles throught the body, responsible for simple refelex activities |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensations travel by way of spinothalmic tract? |
|
Definition
| pain,temp, crude and light touch |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensations travel by way of posterior columns? |
|
Definition
| position, vibration, fine touch |
|
|
Term
| Discribe motor neurons of the pyrmidal tract |
|
Definition
| originate in motor cortex, travel down to medulla where they cross over opposite side and travel down spinal cord where they synapse w/ a lower motor neuron in anterior horn of spinal cord . Impulses carried to muscles to produce voluntary movements that involve skill and purpose. |
|
|
Term
| Describe extraprymidal tract |
|
Definition
| neurons that originate in motor cortex, basal ganglia,brain stem, and spinal cord outside pyramidal tract. Travel from the frontal lobe to the pons where they cross over the opposite side and down spinal cord where they connect w/ lower motor neurons that conduct impulses to the muscles. mainatain muscle tone and body control |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve I? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory-smell impulses fr nasal mucus membrane to brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve II? |
|
Definition
| Optic- visual impulses from eyes to brain |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve III? |
|
Definition
| Occulomotor-contracts eye muscles to control inferomedial eye movement, constricts pupils and elevates eyelids. |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of cranial nerve IV? |
|
Definition
| rochlear-contracts one eye muscles to control infereomedial eye movement |
|
|
Term
| Describe the function of cranial nerve V? |
|
Definition
| Trigeminal-carry sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temp fr face to brain |
|
|
Term
| What's the function of cranial nerve VI? |
|
Definition
| abducens-controls lateral eye movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve VII? |
|
Definition
Facial- Sensory fibers for taste on 2/3 of tongue and stimulates secretions fr salivary glands and tears from lacrimal glands.
Supplies facial muscles and affets facial expressions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve VIII? |
|
Definition
| Acustics, vestibular-Contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve IX? |
|
Definition
| glossopharyngeal- Contains sensory fibers for taste on 2/3 of tongue and sensory fibers of the pharynx that result in gag reflects |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve X? |
|
Definition
| Vagus-Carries sensation from throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, gaso tract, abdominal viscera, promotes swallowing, talking, and productions of digestive juices. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve XI? |
|
Definition
| Spinal accessory-innervates neck muscles to promote movement of soulders and head rotation. Also movement of larynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cranial nerve XII? |
|
Definition
| Hypoglossal- innervates tongue that promote movement of food and talking |
|
|
Term
| Damage to what cortex would result in vision problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is papilledema? What causes it? |
|
Definition
| Swellling of optic nerve.blurred optic disc margins and dialated, pulsating veins. Caused by increases ICP from IC hemorrhage w/ brain tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rythmic oscillation of the eye, cerebellar disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What causes limited eye movement through the six cardinal fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a dilated pupil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Argyll Robertson pupils? |
|
Definition
| CNS syphilis, meningitis, brain tumor, alcholism |
|
|
Term
| What causes contricted or fixed pupils? |
|
Definition
| narcotics abuse, damage to pons |
|
|
Term
| What causes unilaterally dialated pupils that are unresponsive to light or accommodation? |
|
Definition
| Damage to cranial nerve III.Occulomotor |
|
|
Term
| What causes constricted pupils that are unresponsive to light or accomidation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between bilateral and unilateral eye weakness? |
|
Definition
Bilateral- PNS or CNS dysfunction
Unilateral- lession to cranial nerve 5(trigeminal) |
|
|
Term
| What causes inability to feel and correctly identify facial stimuli? |
|
Definition
| lesions of trigemital nerve or spinothalmic tract or posterior columns. |
|
|
Term
| What cuases absent corneal reflex? |
|
Definition
| lesion to trigeminal nerve or motor part of facial nerve |
|
|
Term
| When assessing cranial nerve X, What causes the soft palate not to rise? |
|
Definition
| bilateral lesions of vagus nerve. |
|
|
Term
| When assessing cranial nerve X, What causes the soft palate to rise unilaterally? |
|
Definition
| unilateral lession of vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| What causes an absent gag reflex or hoarness/ dyphasia? |
|
Definition
| lesions of cranial nerve or glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What causes muscle atrophy or soft limp, flaccid muscles? |
|
Definition
| disease of lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| What causes spastic muscle tone? |
|
Definition
| damage corticospinal motor tract |
|
|
Term
| What causes rigid muscles that resist passive movement ? |
|
Definition
| abdmormalities of extrapyramidal tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parkinsons,cerbellar disease, MS, hypothyrodism, anxiety |
|
|
Term
| What causes slow twisting movements in the extremities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes brief, rapid, irregular jerky movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What systems could effect balance? |
|
Definition
| motor, sensory, vestibular, cerebellar systems |
|
|
Term
| What abnormalities would result in a positive romberg test? |
|
Definition
| vestibular or cerebella disorders |
|
|
Term
| What causes inability to perform rapid alternating movements? |
|
Definition
| cerbellsr disease, upper motor neuron weakness, extrapyramidal disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence of touch sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased sensitivity to touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased sensitivity to touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absense of pain sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased sensitivity to pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased sensitivity to pain |
|
|
Term
| How does age effect vibratory sensation? |
|
Definition
| after 70, vibratory sensation of ankles decrease |
|
|
Term
| What causes inability to sense vibratons? |
|
Definition
| posterior column disease or peripheral neuropathy. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the liver located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is kidney tenderness best assest? |
|
Definition
| At the costalvatebral angle |
|
|
Term
| Wher is the stomach located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discribe how different parts of the colon feels on palpatations |
|
Definition
| Sigmoid-firm,Cecum/ascending-softer |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the colon? |
|
Definition
| secrete alkaline mucus to lubricate intestine and neutralize acids formed by intestinal bacteria. Water also absorbed |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the small intestines? |
|
Definition
| digestion and absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What organs are located in the RUQ? |
|
Definition
| ascending and transverse colon,duodenum,gallbladder,hepatic flexure of colon, liver, pancreas(head), pylorus, right adranal gland, right kidney(upper pole), right ureter |
|
|
Term
| What organs are located in the LUQ? |
|
Definition
| Left adrenal gland, left kidney(upper pole), left ureter,pancreas (body and tail), spleen, splenic flexure of colon, stomach, transverse descending colon |
|
|
Term
| What organs are located in the RLQ? |
|
Definition
| Appendix, ascending colon, cecum, right kidney(lower pole), right ovary tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| What organs are located in the LLQ? |
|
Definition
| Left kidney(lower pole) left ovary and tube, left ureter, left spermatic cord, descending and sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| What organs are located at midline? |
|
Definition
| bladder, uterus, prostate gland |
|
|
Term
| What is viseral pain? What causes it? |
|
Definition
| in hollow abdominal organs,becomes distended. solid organs are stretched.Poorly defined or localized and intermittently timed, dull, aching, burning, cramping, or colicky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when parital peritoneum becomes inflamed as in appendicitis or peritonitis, tends to localize more to source and is severe and steady pain |
|
|
Term
| When performing an abdominal examination what does purple discoloration at the flank signify? |
|
Definition
| bleeding within abdominal wall, possible from trauma to kidneys, pancreas or duodenum or pancreatitis. |
|
|
Term
| What causes dialated veins in the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| Cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of IVC, portal hypertension or ascites |
|
|
Term
| What causes spider angioma? |
|
Definition
| liver disease or portal hypertension |
|
|
Term
| How does raising the head affect an abdominal mass? |
|
Definition
| mass withing abdomen wall more prominent when head is raised, mass below abdomen wall obstructed when head is raised. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulging between a vertical midline seperation of abdominis rectes muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a friction rub over lower costal area signify? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic abscess or metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What does a friction rub heard in the anterior axillary line in the lower left costal area mean? |
|
Definition
| Splenic infraction, abscess, infection, tumor |
|
|
Term
| What kind of sound is heard over a gaseous distended abdomen? |
|
Definition
| Accented tympany or hyperresonance |
|
|
Term
| Discribe the normal length of the liver at the midclavicular and midsternal line. |
|
Definition
midclavicular:6-12 cm, midsternal 4-8 cm
normal size decreases after age 50 |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal measurement of the spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes an enlarged spleen? |
|
Definition
| Traumatic injury, hypertension, mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
| What causes right side gaurding of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes involuntary reflex gaurding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal size or the abdominal aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes mucus in the stool? |
|
Definition
| steatorrhea( excessive fat in stool) |
|
|
Term
| how are hemorrhoids formed? |
|
Definition
| excessive pressure affects the veins in the veins in the pelvis and rectal areas. Tissues surrounding inside of anus fill w/ blood to help control bowel movement.excessive pressure, blood in the veins within the tissues causes veins to swell and stretch teh surrounding tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What's the most frequently used position for examining the anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should a stool test for detecting occult blood be taken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How ofetn is a proctosigmoidoscopic examination be taken? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should one receive a digital rectal exam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the correct sequence of techniques used during an abdominal examination? |
|
Definition
| Inspection, auscultation, percussion, palpation |
|
|
Term
| Right upper quadrant tenderness may indicate pathology in what organs? |
|
Definition
| Liver, pancreas, ascending colon |
|
|
Term
What is the range of normal liver span in the right upper quadrant, mid-clavicular line in the
adult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the skin are
broken following the rapid or prolonged stretching, have a distict color of silvery white due to long duration. |
|
|
Term
| Auscultation of the abdomen is begun where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A dull percussion note medially of the left midaxillary line is? |
|
Definition
| Indicative of splenic enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On inspection of the abdomen, a purple discoloration at the flanks is observed.Indicated intra-abdominal bleeding |
|
|
Term
| What causes abdominal distention? |
|
Definition
| Feces, fat, fibroids/masses,flatus, ascitic fluid,pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| pain in the periumbilical area could be what type of reffered pain? |
|
Definition
| Small bowel, proximal colon, appendix |
|
|
Term
| What does the external female genitalia consist of? |
|
Definition
| vulva(pudendum),mons publis,labia majora,labia minora,clitoris,vestibule,urethral meatus,skene's gland,vaginal orifice,hymen, opening to bartholin's glands,greater vestbular gland, lessor vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
| What does the internal female genitalla consist of? |
|
Definition
| vagina,uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries |
|
|
Term
| What allows vagina to extend during intercource? |
|
Definition
| transverse folds called rugae |
|
|
Term
| What is the transfeormational zone? |
|
Definition
| When squamoclumnar junction migrates towards cervical os with maturation or decreased estrogen. 90% of the neoplasims of the lower genital tracts originate here.Cells obtained for pap smear |
|
|
Term
| how large is the nor,al size uterus? |
|
Definition
| 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick |
|
|
