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Health and Environment
Obesity and the Built Environment
25
Geography
Undergraduate 4
04/14/2014

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Measures of Body Weight
Definition
  • Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure
  • Body Mass Index (BMI)
  • Wasit Circumference
Term
Determinants of Body Weight
Definition
  • Individual Factors 
  • Social Factors 
  • Environmental Factors 
  • Lifestyle/Behavioral Factors
Term
Composite Measures of the Built Enviornment
Definition
  • Walkability Index 
  • Walkscore
Term
Obesogenecity
Definition
Sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations
Term
Measures of the Built Environment
Definition
  1. Density 
  2. Diversity 
  3. Design 
  4. Destination Accessibility 
  5. Distance to Transit 
  6. Demand Management 
Term
Neighborhood features that make up the built environment
Definition
  1. Recreational resources (diversity)
  2. Land use characteristics (diversity and density)
  3. Neighborhood form characteristics (design) 
  4. Community environment characteristics
Term
Physical Activity Index (Three Categories)
Definition
  1. Active
  2. Moderate 
  3. Sedentary
Term
Relationship Betwen Mean BMI and Urban Sprawl
Definition
  • BMI goes up with more sprawl in metropolitan areas 
  • There is inequality between men and women 
Term
Why do we longitudinal analysis?
Definition
  • There are time-varying characteristics (weight/eincome/ environment) 
  • Takes out the fixed, non-varying characteristics out of the model to give better estimates 
Term
Obesity and Urban Sprawl in Canada
Definition
  • Montreal: island city, dense dwelling oportunities in the downtown area, leads to least sprawling 
  • Western cities and those communities with econmies tied to natural resources 
Term
Obesity and Urban Sprawl
Definition
  • Urban sprawl contributes to obesity 
    • development of disperse patterns of area 
    • long commutes, car-dependent suburban neighborhoods 
Term
Obesity is Socially Patterned
Definition
  • The more women are educated, the less obese they are 
Term
Levels of Health Care Provision
Definition
• Primary: preventative health/health promotion (ex family physician)
• Secondary: curative medicine (mostly hospital settings)
• Tertiary: cancer centers, cardiology
Term
Models of Medical Care
Definition
• Collectivist: pay into a system and all benefit
o Ex. Canadian Universal Health Care
• Anti-collectivist: pay individually for what you want
o Ex USA
• 1. Private Health Care insurance companies
• 2. Medicare: senior citizens
• 3. Medicaid: Poor people
Term
Criteria for making decisions about health care provision
Definition
o Efficient
o Effective
o Equality
o Need
o Equitable
Term
Need vs Demand of health care
Definition
o It is different form developing to developed countries
o Ex. Expressed need in Canada “waiting lists”
o Ex. Expressed need in USA “de-listing” what was formally under3 insurance coverage
Term
Health Expenditure
Definition
o Developing areas have 18% of world’s income, 11% of global health spending and has 93% of disease burden
Term
Scale and location of health facilities
Definition
o One big health facility vs many smaller health centers
Term
Location Allocation Models
Definition
o Ex where to locate emergency ambulance services
o Can be done using GIS
Term
Accessibility to Health Services
Definition
o Broader definition than mere availability of services
o Mutual attitudes of clients and providers
o Physical: service exists, user has means to reach it
o Socio-economic: includes the financial, psychological, informational and social aspects
Term
Utilization
Definition
o Can be defined as “Revealed accessibility”
o Barrier to utilization= financial
Term
Barriers to Universal Health Care
Definition
o Physicians tend to locate in more prestigious areas of major cities
o Added expenses of health care visit like loss of income and transportation
Term
Case study: Breast cancer screening facility
Definition
o Mortality attributed to delayed diagnosis and limited utilization of routine screening in low SES groups
Term
US and Canada paradox
Definition
o Canada with universal health care spends half as much on health care per capita as the US yet Canadians live 2-3 years longer
o Lasser et al: with the exception of smoking rates higher in Canada, Americans were more obese, inactive and had more chronic disease than Canadians
o More US respondents reported unmet health care needs but the reason differed-for Americans it’s money, for Canadians it’s wait times
Term
Why might BMI not be a perfect measure?
Definition
Doesn't take into account for muscle mass (can have little fat in body but still be heavy)
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