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Health and Nutrition
n/a
85
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
11/17/2010

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hunger
Definition
Characterized by instinctive need, physiological regulator. 20 min. time delay
Term
Appetite
Definition
Emotional sensation associated with desire for certain food.
Term
Gastric bypass
Definition
Shrinks stomach to small pouch (2-4 tbls.). Average weight loss of 100lbs. Most will maintain 50% weight loss for 5 years after surgery.
Term
Satiation
Definition
Sense of fullness (opposite of hunger
Term
3 sources that trigger hunger
Definition
Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Cortex of Cerebrum
Term
Average amount of weight gained back in quick fix weight loss program.
Definition
90 - 95%
Term
Central element to diabetes
Definition
Elevated blood glucose (result of not enough insulin and/or insulin resistance)
Term
2 essential fatty acids in diet
Definition
Linoleic and alpha linoleic acid
Term
Fortification
Definition
Nutrients added
Term
Enrichment
Definition
Stripped then replaced
Term
Heart disease
Definition
Narrowing of blood vessels, inadequate circulation to all parts of heart. Almost always due to to a narrowing of arteries leading to heart due to plaque (deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium and cell materials). Risk for men and women alike. Diabetes, obesity, high blood tri./ increased age strong risk factors for heart disease in women. Increases substantially after menopause around 50. Due to decrease in estrogen and HDL-C which increases LDL. Almost always have higher HDL premenopause.
Term
Cause of large initial weight loss
Definition
Water weight
Term
Vitamin
Definition
Essential organic material for growth and maintenance.
Water or fat soluble. Provide no energy, just facilitate release of energy.

1. Body can't produce enough of compound
2. Absence causes deficiency symptoms.
3. Evidence health declines when absent, but increases when reintroduced (positive reversibility).
Term
2 main reasons for nutritional misinformation
Definition
Personal convictions and profit
Term
Definition of immune system
Definition
Body tissues that provide protection against bacteria/virus etc.
Term
Difference between vitamin A and D
Definition
Term
Plaque
Definition
Build up in arteries
Term
Average weight loss from gastric bypass
Definition
100lbs.
Term
Angina
Definition
Chest pain. Roughly 50% blockage, sign of heart attack
Term
Low fat
Definition
Most popular claim. Must be less than 3 grams of fat per serving.
Term
Allergy vs. Allergin
Definition
Term
Leptin
Definition
Hormone that decreases appetite
Term
Ghrelin
Definition
Increases appetite
Term
Insulin Resistance
Definition
Term
Glycemic Index
Definition
Carb containing food have range of effects on bg -- some cause rapid rise. Value determined by elevation of bg after ingestion of 50g of food.

High: french bread 95, potato 85, fries 75
Medium: Popcorn
Low
Term
How to calculate glycemic load
Definition
Term
Hypoglycemic
Definition
Abnormally low blood sugar, thought to be rare, often not diagnosed. Can be caused by insulin secreting tumors.

Causes weakness, nervousness, confusion, irritability. Stops 5-15min after glucose intake.
Term
Heart Attack
Definition
Blood supply cut off (heart disease is the narrowing of blood supply) when clot forms.
Term
What impacts blood cholesterol
Definition
Dietary intake (high sat. fat, high fat milk, cheese, eggs, beef), common behavior (smoking, sedentary life style). Responds less to dietary intake than to trans/sat fat intake.
Term
Difference between histimine and antihistimine
Definition
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Waxy lipid, ring structure
Term
Reduced fat
Definition
25% less fat per serving
Term
Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins
Definition
Fat soluble vitamins can cause toxicity in high amounts
Term
Mono/di/poly saccharides
Definition
Simple (mono/di), complex (poly)
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
Antioxidant. Gets rid of free radicals (negatively charged particles that cause DNA mutations).

Major source: Plant oil, asparagus, leafy greens, tomatoes, nuts almonds, sunflower seeds.

Vit. E destroyed with oxygen and repeated deep frying.
Term
Riboflavin
Definition
Yellow. Used with oxygen demanding pathways. Also antioxidant.
Inflammation of mouth/tongue, dermititis, cracking, sensitivity to sun, confusion, forgetfulness.

Sources: Milk, meat, eggs, leafy grees, asparagus.
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Produced when UV-B hits skin. Calcium Absorption (soft bones), creation of skin cells, aids immune system. Gatekeeper. Skin cells, bone, prostate, ovary, breast, immune system, BP.

Symptoms: Rickets -- poor mineralization of new bones (osteomalacia). Aging lowers vit D production by 70% by age 70. Roles in 2k genes. Lowers cancer.
Term
Saccharine
Definition
Taken off market because known carcinogen. 300X sweeter than sucrose.
Term
Plaque
Definition
White film on teeth
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Most common lipid in body
Term
Hydrogenation
Definition
Bombarding atoms with hydrogen so nothing else can bond to it
Term
8 roles of fatty acids and triglycerides
Definition
Energy storage, hormone production, insulation, transport fat soluble vitamins
Term
BMI
Definition
height/weight relationship. Know pros and cons.
25 - overweight
30 - obese
35 - 40 - morbidly obese
Term
Methods of determining fat content
Definition
Underwater, bodpod, Callipers
Term
Calorie
Definition
Energy content in food. 1 calorie is amount of energy needed to raise 1L H2O by 1 degree C.
Term
2 Types of cholesterol
Definition
HDL -- Good. Helps remove cholesterol from blood by escorting to liver for secretion. High levels protect against heart disease.

LDL -- Bad. More cholesterol than HDL, can form plaque. Antioxidants can be used to reduce oxidation of LDL (E and especially C).
Term
Folate
Definition
B complex vitamin. Prevents atherosclerosis by lowering homocysteine.

2 forms -- natural (in veggies/fruits), and synthetic folic acids (supplement).
Term
Drop in cholesterol in US adults over past 5 years
Definition
240mg to 203mg. Lowered heart disease 50%, but still a big problem. Every 1% decline produces 2% decline in rate of heart disease.
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Hardening of arteries
Term
FISH
Definition
Good for heart. Fatty fish from cold water high in DHA and EPA (omega 3 fatty acids) which protect from heart disease by lowering tendency of blood clotting (lowers bp and triglycerides)
Term
If you are prego
Definition
(or breast feeding) -- dont eat swordfish, shark, mackerel and tilefish because mercury sucks.
Term
NUTS
Definition
Direct relationship between nuts and lower heart disease. Have good fats that lower LDL-C.
Term
Diet that lowers risk of heart disease will...
Definition
Provide 20-35% total carbs from fat, 10-25 from protein and 45-65 from carbs.

Emphasize healthy fats, limit unhealthy ones
high fiber (35gM/25gF)
3 servings veggies, 2 of fruits
whole grain and nuts
400mg folic acid
spreads with plant stanols/sterols
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Help vision (light/dark contrast, prevent nightblindness). Makes mucus in eye (dry eye = xerophthalmia. Helps cardiovascular disease prevention, lung and oral cancer.

Sources: Liver, fish oil, spinach, milk, eggs.

Also a hormone. Liver/kidneys essential in synthesis
Term
Vitamin D
Definition
Produced when UV-B rays hit skin. Regulates Ca
Term
Average child sees x food ads per year
Definition
10,000
Term
Food industry spends x on ads
Definition
$1.4B. A quarter of which have no nutritional info.
Term
McDonalds "heavy users"
Definition
72% are heavy users
22% are super heavy users
Term
Lobbyists
Definition
Make sure government doesn't pass legislation hurting them
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
K for "klotting." Activates proteins present in bones kidneys, muscles. Lack can cause hip fractures and bone weakness.

Sources -- leafy greens, liver, soybeans, canola oil, fortified chocolate.
Term
Vitamin B
Definition
Water soluble (Thiamine B-1). Release of energy from carbs. Deficiency causes beri beri -- lack of energy. Weakness, loss of appetite, nervous tingle, poor coordination, deep muscle pain.

Sources -- pork, whole grains, green beans, OJ, organ meats, peanuts, seeds.
Term
Niacine
Definition
B3. Metabolic pathways for energy release.
Pellagra -- rough skin, painful to touch.
Dimentia, diarrhea, dermititis, death.

Sources: Leafy greens, poultry, cereals, wheat bran, tuna.
Term
Body uses energy from food to...
Definition
fuel muscular activity, growth, tissue repair, maintenance, process nutrients,
Term
3 Categories of metabolism
Definition
Basal (60-80) -- breathing, heart, brain, neurons, muscle, bone renewal.
Physical activity
Dietary thermogenesis -- Energy required to break down components.

Body weight X 11 = needed daily calories.
Term
Other factors determining caloric need
Definition
Physical Activity
Muscle mass
heiht
health status
genetic traits
Term
Activity level
Definition
inactive (less than 2 hours activity): 30%
average (2-4): 50%
Active (4+): 75%
Term
Thermogenesis
Definition
Portion of calories needed for eating, transport, swallowing, digesting, etc. Some escapes through heat. Calories spent on heat is 10%
Term
Carbs, protein, and fat calorie content
Definition
Carbs: 4 cals/g
Protein: 4 cals/g
Fat: 9 cals/g
Term
Number of weight loss products/services available
Definition
29k. Dont change long term behavior and 90-95% weight losers gain it back. Most believe product must be effective to be on market. Not true, and laws don't protect against this. Fiber pills obstruct digestive tract, surgery is dangerous, diet pills ca cause heart problems.
Term
Atkins diet
Definition
Some health risks, diet not long term. Positive effect on lipids/glucose/insulin and blood pressure. Not recommended for peeps with liver/kidney problems. Leaves glycogen stores empty which can cause nausea headache decreased stamina and lowered concentration.
Term
Fasting
Definition
Should be closel watched. Increases stress on GI tract -- intestinal starvation, can't produce mucus on cell lining, can become infected.
Term
Surgical weight loss
Definition
last resort, reserved for those with BMI 40+, or 35yrs + and immediate risk.
Term
Liposuction
Definition
$3000 (depending on fat). Thighs, hips, arms, back, chin can be partially removed.
Term
Diabetes
Definition
In all cases, high blood glucose levels caused by ineffective supply or use of insulin. Control with complex carbs, whole grain, cereals, fiber, veggies/fruits, regular meals.
Term
Insulin
Definition
Hormone produced in pancreas that performs many functions, one of which is to reduce blood glucose levels after meals. Facilitates passage of glucose into cells.
Term
Type II Diabetes
Definition
Most likely with obese people, and young people. People with pre-diabetes usually have insulin resistance. Pancreas makes more insulin to get more insulin into cells, pancreas cells can get tired over time.
Term
Type II Diabetes
Definition
Results from deficiency. Have to check blood several times per day. Loss of 10-15lbs benefits blood glucose control in obese peeps significantly.

Can also be genetic -- insulin deficiency appears to stem from a viral infection or allergic reactions that hurt pancreas.
Term
Gestational Diabetes
Definition
3-6% preggers get it.

Native Americans, blacks, people 35+, obese, low level activity at higher risk. Babies born to women with poorly controlled diabetes are FAT.
Term
Glycemic Load
Definition
(GI)(cals)/100 = GL Eat low GI foods with type II diabetes.
Term
Food Allergy
Definition
Adverse Reaction to normally harmless substance in food involving immune system.

1-2% adults have it, 60% claims unconfirmed.
Term
Food Intolerance
Definition
Adverse reaction to normally harmless substances that do not involve immune system.
Term
Food Allergens
Definition
Components that trigger immune system. Highly sensitive people can have reaction triggered just by being in same room.
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Forms in response to allergens, promotes immuno response. Upon second appearance, body sees antibodies and secrete histimines. Exposure to allergens can cause anaphylactic shock.

Infants and children get this more.
Term
Testing for Allergies
Definition
Skin prick, finds absence of, test isn't proof because tests are inaccurate half the time.
Term
RAST
Definition
radioallergosorbent test. Blood test to determine allergies.
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