Term
| Factors for risk of injury |
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Definition
| Age, gender, geographic location, economic status, alcohol use/abuse |
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Term
| What can you do reduce your risk of injury? |
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Definition
-Encourage/persuade at risk to change, use laws
-Require ppl at risk to change, use laws
-Provide products that offer automatic protection
-Know your risk
-Take measures that make a difference
-Think safety - Be alert
-Learn and use first aid skills |
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Term
| What can you do to increase vehicle safety? |
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Definition
| Seatbelt, good maintenance, don't text and drive |
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Term
| What can you do to increase fire safety? |
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Definition
| Smoke alarms, stop droll roll |
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Term
| What can you do to increase the safety in your home? |
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Definition
| Put meds away, secure rugs, hide pesticides, light stairways |
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Term
| What can you do to increase the safety at your workplace? |
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Definition
| Know the safety protocols |
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Term
| What do you need to know about nutrition to reduce your risk of disease and illness? |
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Definition
| A healthy diet comes from activity, moderation, personalization, proportionality, variety, gradual improvement |
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Term
| What can you do to increase recreational/play safety? |
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Definition
| Wear a helmet, pads, reflective clothing, a flotation device |
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Term
| How can you reduce your risk of illness? |
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Definition
Encourage, persuade or require at risk to change behavior
Know your risk
Take measures to make a difference
Think safety
Learn + use first aid skills |
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Term
| What do you need to know about your weight to reduce your risk of disease and illness? |
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Definition
| Obesity is 25% body fat for guys, 32% body fat for girls |
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Term
| What do you ned to know about exercise to reduce your risk of disease and illness? |
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Definition
| Cardio is the ability to take in, deliver and extract O2 for physical work. Aerobic exercise for 30-45 mins using large muscle groups |
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Term
| How can you recognize negative stress? |
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Definition
| Leads to negative responses (head aches, high blood pressure, sweating, sleep disturbance, shortness of breath) |
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Term
| What do you need to know about smoking and alcohol consumption that can affect your health? |
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Definition
Smoking = At risk for esophagus cancer, pancreas, bladder, larynx
BAC of 0.05%+ impairs judgment (2 bottles of beer or 1 drink/hr) |
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Term
| What lifesaving procedures can first aiders initiate? |
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Definition
Airway/resp intervention
CPR and defibrillation
Bleeding control
Special wound care
Stabilization of spinal injuries
Splinting of fractures |
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Term
| What is the def of first aid? |
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Definition
| Temporary/immediate care given to a person who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill |
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Term
| What should you do if you are alone and come upon an unresponsive infant or child? |
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Definition
| Provide 2 mins of rescue care first |
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Term
| When should a first aider summon more advanced medical help? |
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Definition
| As soon as you know they will be needed (within first 5 mins) |
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Term
| What is the definition of Duty to Act? |
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Definition
| Legal obligation to give aid/perform care |
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Term
| What is the "reasonable-man test"? What does it determine? |
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Definition
| Will clear first aider in a law suit. Same person with the same level of training. Will determine if negligent or not. |
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Term
| Who is also bound by the same legal statutes as first aiders? |
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Definition
| School teachers, park rangers, lifeguards, police, fire personnel |
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Term
| What is the definition of negligence? |
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Definition
| Carelessness, inattention, disregard, inadvertence, or oversight that was accidental but avoidable. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the victim is unconscious |
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Term
| What should you do if an adult victim or guardian refuses consent? |
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Definition
If you believe a life is at stake, summon the police.
Explain possible consequences of refusing treatment to change their mind. |
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Term
| What are signs that a victim is infectious? |
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Definition
Rash/skin lesion
Open sore
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Coughing/sneezing
Draining/oozing wounds
Headache with a stiff neck
Yellowish skin or eyes |
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Term
| What should you do to avoid being infected by contact with blood, body fluids, and secretions? |
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Definition
| Wear gloves, mask, wash hands, make sure immunizations are up to date |
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Term
| Definitions of supine and prone |
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Definition
Supine - Face up
Prone - Face down |
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Term
| What is the function of ligaments/tendons? |
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Definition
| Hold together framework of bones which move, support and protect vital organs |
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Term
| How many bones make up the adult skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the thigh bone/ upper arm bone / collar bone / shoulder blade / breastbone? |
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Definition
Thigh = Femur
Upper arm bone = Humerus
Collar bone = Clavicle
Shoulder blade = Scapula
Breastbone = Sternum |
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Term
| Definition of cardiac, smooth or involuntary muscle, and skeletal or voluntary muscle |
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Definition
Cardiac = Forms the heart, stimulates contractions
Smooth = Found in walls of internal organs/blood vessels. Not under voluntary control
Skeletal = Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of brain. |
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Term
| What do arteries / veins / capillaries do? |
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Definition
Arteries = Blood from heart to cells
Capillaries = Fluid, O2, CO2, between blood and tissue cells
Veins = Carry oxygen depleted blood back to the heart |
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Term
| What are the two main structural and functional divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
Central nervous system = Brain + spinal cord
Peripheral NS = Nerves located outside brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| What part of the nervous system is associated with the fight or flight syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are normal breathing rates for adults, children, and infants? |
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Definition
Adult = 12-20
Child = 15-30
Infant = 30-50 |
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Term
| When you arrive on the scene of an accident, what are the steps you will follow to assess a victim? |
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Definition
-Assess victim/scene (Check for responsiveness, call, care)
-Conduct primary survey (Circulation, Airway, Breathing. Look, listen, feel.)
-Secondary survey = SAMPLE (Signs/Allergy/Medications/Past/pertinent med history/Last meal/drink / Events leading up to accident), DOTS (Deformity, open wounds, tenderness, swelling), VITAL SIGNS |
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Term
| What are the 3 Cs for establishing report with the victim and raining control of the situation |
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Definition
Check, Call, Care
Confidence, Competence, Compassion |
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Term
| What is the major goal of the primary survey? |
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Definition
| Rapidly identify the victim's problem |
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Term
| If there are no life-threatening situations, how long will it take to do a primary survey? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will the look, listen, and feel technique help you to determine? |
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Definition
| Circulation, airway, breathing |
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Term
| What should you do if you suspect a neck or spinal injury? |
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Definition
Determine if airway is open
Open airway with modified jaw-thrust if not
Establish manual in-line spinal stabilization by bringing victim's head into a neutral in-line position
Have someone hold the nose in line with the navel
Tell victim not to move head/neck |
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Term
| How frequently should you take vital signs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal range for respiration of an adult, child, or infant? |
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Definition
Adult = 12 - 20
Child = 15 - 30
Infant = 30-50 |
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Term
| What are you looking for during the secondary survey? |
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Definition
| Swelling, depression, deformity, bleeding, other problems |
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Term
| What does DOTS stand for? |
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Definition
Deformity
Open Wounds
Tenderness
Swelling |
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Term
| What does each letter of SAMPLE stand for? |
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Definition
Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Prior/pertinent medical history
Last drink/meal
Events prior to incident |
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Term
| Definitions of a secondary survey |
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Definition
Look, listen, feel, smell
Face, mouth, ears, nose, skull and neck, chest, abs, pelvis, back, lower and upper extremities |
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Term
| What are the assessment considerations for children? Elderly? |
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Definition
Children = Different size/psychological development of a child vs an adult. Bones are softer, head is larger, more susceptible to hypothermia, large tongues to block airway, gastric distention, severe blood loss is easy
Elderly = Minor problem can easily become major, meds may be taken, psychiatric disorders, effects of aging, chief complaint may be trivial to them or they may not report it, temperature regulating is depressed, communication problems |
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Term
| Special trauma considerations for elderly |
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Definition
Slower reflexes, failing eyesight and hearing, fragile tissues/bones. Fall = Death.
Higher risk for trauma from criminal assault.
Prone to head injury.
Sudden neck movement can cause spinal cord injury because of compressed cervical vertebrae. |
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Term
| As a first aider, what are your responsibilities if you suspect abuse? |
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Definition
| Don't confront parents at the scene, report suspicions to appropriate authorities later. |
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Term
| What is your first priority if the scene of an accident is unstable and threatening either your life or the victims? |
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Definition
| Move the victim to a safer place even if it might risk injury to the victim. |
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Term
| What are the circumstances in which you should move a victim? |
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Definition
| Uncontrolled traffic, physically unstable surroundings, exposure to hazardous materials, fire or threat of fire, hostile crowds, repositioning in order to save life, need for access to another victim, weather conditions |
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Term
| What should determine your speed in moving a victim? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of carries should not be used on a victim of suspected spinal injuries? |
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Definition
| Walking assist, seat carries, packstrap carry, |
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Term
| What type of blanket could be used as a stretcher to transport a victim? |
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Definition
| Strong, free of holes, in good condition, large enough to support a victim. |
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Term
| What should you do to locate all the victims involved in an accident? |
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Definition
Ask coherent, conscious passengers how many were in the car
Ask witnesses if someone left the site or took a victim away
Search the vehicle/area carefully
Look for tracks in earth/snow |
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Term
| What should you do if you approach an accident with downed power lines? What should you never do? |
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Definition
Assume all downed lines are live; call for expert assistance and notify 911 dispatcher
Park your vehicle at a safe distance from power lines
Warn bystanders to stay clear and victims to stay inside vehicles
Never try to handle a live wire yourself |
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Term
| If EMS is on their way and the victim does not need to be rescued immediately, what should you do? |
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Definition
| Leave the victim in place |
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Term
| What can you do to stabilize an overturned vehicle? |
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Definition
Place a solid object between roof and roadway
Put automatics in parks, standards in reverse
Deflate tires
Use blocks or wedges at the wheels
Disconnect airbags |
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Term
| Which window should you choose to break if you need to gain access to a victim? |
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Definition
| The window farthest away from the victim |
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Term
| What are the steps to properly breaking a window? |
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Definition
Wear gloves
Give a quick, hard thrust in the lower corner with a sharp or blunt object
Pull glass outside of window
Clear all glass away from opening
Drape a blanket over the window and seat and over victim |
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Term
| What should you do once you have gained access to the victim? |
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Definition
Primary survey
CAB, secondary care
Immobilize neck with blanket if needed and move the victim
Continue to monitor vital signs |
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Term
| If there is more than one MVA victim, how will you determine who should be cared for first? |
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Definition
| Triage- The person with the most life-threatening injuries |
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Term
| What is the most efficient way to perform rescue breathing? |
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Definition
| Mouth-to-mouth ventilation |
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Term
| What should you do if you are alone with an unresponsive infant? |
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Definition
| Provide 2 mins of care before calling 911 |
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Term
| How do you determine pulse in an infant? |
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Definition
| Brachial pulse (inner elbow) |
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Term
| How often do you deliver rescue breath to infants or children up to 12 months old? |
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Definition
| One every 3 seconds. 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths |
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Term
| What should your mouth cover what you are providing ventilation to an infant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the breath rate for rescue breathing? |
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Definition
| 1 every 5 seconds or 8-10 per minute or 24 for 2 minutes. |
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Term
| Where should the thumb be when you are performing the heimlich maneuver? |
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Definition
| Tucked inside of your hand |
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Term
| Which types of victims would receive a special Heimlich maneuver? |
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Definition
| Fat people, pregnant women, children, infants |
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Term
| What should you do next if you determine the victim's heart is not beating and other signs of life do not exist? |
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Definition
Perform CPR
Establish an airway and look for obstruction
Begin compressions
Look for obstruction, give two rescue breaths
Repeat |
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Term
| What is the first step in basic life support assessment? |
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Definition
| Determine unresponsiveness, no breathing, or no normal breathing |
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Term
| What can be determined by using the look, listen and feel technique during an assessment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine breathlessness? |
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Definition
| Placing ear close to the victim's mouth after the airway is open, and looking for chest rise and fall, listening for air during inhaling, feeling for breath against the cheek, observing for signs of life |
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Term
| What do you do with your hands to open the airway so you can perform mouth-to-nose ventilation? |
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Definition
| One hand on the forehead, one hand under the jaw. Form a seal on the nose, open the mouth for exhalation |
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Term
| Where should you hands be placed to properly perform CPR? |
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Definition
| Above the xyphoid process, or lower sternum. Heel of hands, interlock fingers should be about nipple level, extend fingers and arms. |
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|
Term
| During chest compressions, how far down should the chest go on an adult victim? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do if you injure a victim during CPR? |
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Definition
| Effective CPR is still necessary because the alternate option is death. |
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Term
| What are the chest compression and ventilation rates when performing two-rescuer CPR? |
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Definition
| 30 : 2, each person doing one thing and switching every time. |
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Term
| Where do you position your fingers to perform chest thrusts? |
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Definition
| Index fingers in the center of the chest just below the level of the nipples |
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Term
| What is the rate of chest compressions for an adult? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most dramatic sign of congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary edema causes severe shortness of breath |
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Term
| What is the best way to relieve angina pectoris? |
|
Definition
| Rest within a few minutes after the victim stops the activity. |
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|
Term
| What is the most common sign of angina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which conditions produce chest pain? |
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Definition
| Increased workload on heart increases the demand for oxygen (excitement, exercise, spasm of deceased artery) |
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|
Term
| After activating the EMS system, how would you care for a responsive cardiac victim? |
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Definition
Initial assessment. Note type, location, intensity of pain
Monitor vitals continuously and provide rescue breathing if res rate/volume becomes inadequate
Two low dose baby aspirin
Don't let them move on their own
Loosen restrictive clothing |
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|
Term
| What determines the characteristics of a stroke? |
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Definition
| Extent of stroke, site of stroke, amount of brain damage that has resulted. |
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|
Term
| What type of stroke has an 80% death rate? |
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Definition
| Thrombotic (cerebral artery blocked by a clot lodged inside the brain) |
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|
Term
| How should you position a conscious victim of a stroke? |
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Definition
| On their back with elevated head and feet |
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|
Term
| What causes 75-85% of all strokes? |
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Definition
| Clot blocking flow of blood to cerebral vessel in brain |
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|
Term
| Which type of stroke produces an excruciating headache, rapid loss of consciousness, neck rigidity, and coma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of breathing characterizes dyspnea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After checking for aspiration and clearing the airway, what first aid care would you give a victim with dyspnea? |
|
Definition
| Ventilate or provide assisted ventilations |
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Term
| What are the signs/symptoms of emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, status asthmaticus, and pneumonia? |
|
Definition
Emphysema = Pink color, weight loss, dyspnea on exertion
Asthma = Whistling, high pitched wheezing, very little movement, sitting upright, rapid shallow breaths, rapid pulse and fatigue
Status asthmaticus = Cyanosis, extremely labored breathing, inaudible breath sounds, exhaustion
Pneumonia = Chest pain, rapid breaths, noisy breathing, productive cough, hot and dry skin |
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Term
| What type of first aid care is given to an asthma victim? |
|
Definition
Establish airway, assist in ventilations if necessary
Stay calm, keep them calm and comfortable
Assist with using inhaler if necessary |
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|
Term
| Which condition is associated with over breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of first aid care is given to a victim with hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
Remain calm and understanding
Try to talk them into slowing their breathing rate
Explain to them what happened and that it's not serious
Take them to the hospital or activate EMS |
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|
Term
| What is the number-one goal of first aid care for victims with COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac chain of survival |
|
Definition
1- Immediate recognition of cardiac arrest and activation of the emergency response system
2- Early CPR with an emphasis on chest compressions
3- Rapid defibrillation
4- Effective advanced life support
5- Integrated post-cardiac arrest care. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
For stroke victims
Face
Arms
Speech
Time (4 hours until no meds can be given) |
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|
Term
| Coronary artery/heart disease definition |
|
Definition
Opening of coronary artery is narrowed, restricting amount of blood that can reach the heart. Has been damaged.
Comes from plaque (atherosclerosis) or hardening of arteries after plaque (arteriosclerosis). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wide range of conditions that lead to low O2 states in the heart muscle; Also known as myocardial ischemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
Chest pain caused when heart's need for O2 is not met.
Stable = Physical activity or emotional excitement. No permanent damage to heart.
Unstable = Not relieved by rest, requires treatment w/ nitroglycerine. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma seeps out of capillaries into lungs as a result of pressure from a failing heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart attack, caused when blood supply to heart is restricted or cut off. Can be silent. |
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|
Term
| Thrombotic vs Embolic stroke |
|
Definition
Embolic= Cerebral artery blocked by clot that is formed elsewhere and lodges in brain
Thrombotic = Clot lodges inside of brain, forms in brain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath/difficulty in breathing |
|
|
Term
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
|
Definition
| Range of diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Respiratory disease characterized by overinflated alveoli. Overproduction of red blood cells causes red color -- Pink puffer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Severe, prolonged asthma attack that constitutes a dire medical emergency |
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