Term
| What are the layers of the SCALP and their distinguishing features? |
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Definition
| Skin- hair follicles, connective tissue - dense with vessels and nerves, aponeurotic layer - occipitofrontalis muscle, loose connective tissue - where infection often spreads, pericranium - the periosteum of the skull |
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Term
| The scalp extends from ______ to _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| Superciliary arches, occipital protuberance, zygomatic arches |
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Term
| What nerves innervate the scalp anteriorly to the ears? |
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Definition
| V1 (supraorbital, supratrochlear), V2 (zygomaticotemporal), V3 (auriculotemporal) |
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Term
| What nerves innervate the scalp posterior to the ears and the vertex? |
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Definition
| C2 and C3 - Dorsal rami (greater occipital, third occipital), ventral rami (great auricular and lesser occipital) |
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Term
| How well do scalp injuries heal? |
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Definition
| Good healing due to extensive anastamosis |
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Term
| Why don't superficial wounds of the scalp gape? |
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Definition
| Due to the aponeurotic layer attachment |
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Term
| Deep wounds of the scalp bleed... |
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Definition
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Term
| Which veins act as pathways for the spread of infection (which usually happens in the 4th layer of the scalp)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can't infection from the 4th layer spread to the lateral face and neck? |
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Definition
| Attachment of occipitofrontalis muscle to occipital and frontal bones, and the continuation of the aponeurosis is temporal fascia (on the sides of the head) |
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Term
| Muscles of facial expression are innervated by... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the deep and superficial attachments of the muscles of facial expression? |
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Definition
| Deep to the skull (or fascia) and superficially to the skin |
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Term
| What are the three extra important facial muscles? |
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Definition
| Orbicularis oculi, buccinator, orbicularis oris |
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Term
| What are the parts of the orbicularis oculi and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Palpebral part - closes lids gently, orbital part - closes lids tightly (small medial lacrimal part attaches to the lacrimal sac) |
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Term
| Buccinator muscle is innervated by which nerve? What does it do? |
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Definition
| the buccal branch of CN VII, it keeps food in the oral vestibule by pressing cheeks against molars. |
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Term
| The skin overlying the cheek and the mucosa inside the cheek are innervated by... |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial insertion of the buccinator is into... |
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Definition
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Term
| The buccinator is attached by what raphe to what muscle? |
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Definition
| The pterygomandibular raphe, the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle |
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Term
| What is the thin, superficial muscle of the neck? What does it attach to? |
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Definition
| The platysma muscle, the base of the mandible and subcutaneous tissue of supra- and infra-clavicular regions |
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Term
| What are the actions and innervation of the platysma? |
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Definition
| depresses mandible and tenses the skin of inferior face and neck, CN VII (motor) and C2, C3 (sensory) |
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Term
| The parotid gland can become painful with... |
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Definition
| viral and bacterial infection |
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Term
| What immediately surrounds the parotid gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of the parotid duct, how does it travel and where does it open? |
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Definition
| Originates on the anterior aspect of the parotid, crosses superficially to the masseter, pierces the buccinator, opens inside the mouth opposite the 2nd upper molar. |
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Term
| What is in the parotid bed, deep to the parotid? |
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Definition
| The mastoid process, the styloid process, the stylomastoid foramen, the carotid sheath, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle |
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Term
| What structures are within the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| CN VII, retromandibular vein, external carotid artery (from superficial temporal and transverse facial), superficial and deep parotid lymph nodes, auriculotemporal nerve |
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Term
| What is the sensory innervation of the parotid gland? Of the fascia and skin? |
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Definition
| Auriculotemporal (V3), great auricular (C2,C3) |
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Term
| What is the vasomotor innervation of the parotid gland, and where are the cell bodies of the nerves? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic fibers from the external carotid plexus, cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion |
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Term
| What is the secretory innervation of the parotid gland? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetics from CN IX |
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Term
| What is the chief cutaneous nerve of the face and where are its cell bodies? |
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Definition
| Trigeminal, in trigeminal or semilunar ganglion |
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Term
| Where does the ophthalmic nerve enter the orbit? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the first main branch of the ophthalmic nerve innervate, and what are its branches? |
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Definition
| Frontal - forehead and scalp, supraorbital and supratrochlear |
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Term
| What does the second main branch of the ophthalmic nerve innervate, and is its main branch? |
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Definition
| Nasociliary - external nose and medial eyelid, infratrochlear |
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Term
| What is the third main branch of the ophthalmic nerve and what does it innervate? |
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Definition
| Lacrimal - skin of lateral eyelid, (joins and carries secretomotor fibers to the lacrimal gland from the pterygopalatine ganglion) |
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Term
| What are the main branches of V2 and what do they innervate? |
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Definition
| Infraorbital - inferior eyelid, cheek, lateral nose, upper lip, zygomaticofacial - cheek, zygomaticotemporal - skin over temporal fossa |
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Term
| What are the main branches of V3, and what do they innervate? |
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Definition
| Auriculotemporal - skin behind ear and over temporal region and EAM, buccal - cheek, mental - chin |
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Term
| Facial artery is a branch of... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main branches of the facial artery? |
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Definition
| Inferior and superior labial, lateral nasal, angular |
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Term
| What are the branches of external carotid AFTER the facial artery? |
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Definition
| Transverse facial and superficial temporal |
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Term
| Where is the danger area of the face, in regard to blood vessel drainage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Retromandibular vein is formed by union of what other veins? |
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Definition
| Superficial temporal and maxillary |
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Term
| Angular vein is formed by union of... |
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Definition
| supraorbital and supratrochlear |
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Term
| What main vein leads from the facial vein to a deeper plexus? What is the name of the plexus? |
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Definition
| Deep facial vein, pterygoid plexus |
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Term
| How can infection spread from the face to the brain? |
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Definition
| By drainage from valveless veins to the cavernous sinus |
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Term
| Retromandibular vein drains into... |
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Definition
| both internal and external jugulars |
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Term
| Posterior auricular and retromandibular veins both drain into... |
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Definition
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Term
| The facial vein communicates with the orbit via what veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the scalp lymph nodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lymph nodes does lymph from the scalp drain to? |
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Definition
| occipital, mastoid, preauricular, parotid |
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Term
| Where does lymph from the upper and lower lips drain to? |
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Definition
| submental, submandibular LNs |
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Term
| What does the somatic motor branch of the facial nerve supply? |
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Definition
| Muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid and stapedius |
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Term
| What is the path of the branch of the facial nerve that is responsible for taste? |
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Definition
| The chorda tympani (from CN VII) joins the lingual nerve to provide taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, hard and soft palates |
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Term
| A lesion in the part of the brain giving rise to the facial nerve will produce what symptoms? |
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Definition
| Paralysis of facial muscles on the contralateral side. Forehead is spared due to double innervation. |
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Term
| What would a lesion near the origin of the facial nerve cause? |
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Definition
| Loss of motor, taste and autonomic function |
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Term
| What would a lesion between the geniculate ganglion and the chorda tympani cause? |
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Definition
| Loss of motor, taste and autonomic function BUT lacrimal secretion is not affected |
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Term
| What would a lesion of the left motor branch of the facial nerve cause? |
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Definition
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