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HDFS
Chapter 1
56
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
06/19/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
development
Definition
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan
Term
Traditional approach- emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age

lifespan approach- emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood
Definition
What is the difference between the traditional approach to the study of development and the lifespan approach? (what do they emphasize)
Term
life-span perspective
Definition
this perspective views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic. multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
Term
biological, sociocultural, and individual
Definition
It is important to understand that development is constructed through _________, _________, and __________ factors working together.
Term
context
Definition
the setting in which development occurs, which is influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
Term
normative age-graded influences
Definition
biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group
Term
normative history-graded influences
Definition
biological and environmental influences that are associated with history. These influences are common to people of a particular generation.
Term
non normative life events
Definition
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a person's life. The occurrence, pattern. and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals.
Term
culture
Definition
the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation
Term
cross-cultural studies
Definition
comparisons of of one culture with one or more of other cultures.
Term
information about the degree to which children's development is similar, or universal , across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture specific
Definition
Why are cross-cultural studies useful? (what do they provide us with)
Term
ethnicity
Definition
a range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language
Term
socioeconomic status (SES)
Definition
refers to the conceptual grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Term
gender
Definition
the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being male or female
Term
social policy
Definition
A national government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
Term
biological processes
Definition
changes in an individual's physical nature
Term
cognitive processes
Definition
changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
Term
socio-emotional processes
Definition
changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality
Term
developmental cognitive neuroscience
Definition
which explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain
Term
developmental social neuroscience
Definition
examines connections between socioemotional processes development, and the brain
Term
developmental period
Definition
a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features
Term
infancy
Definition
during this period, many psychological activities- language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning
Term
early childhood
Definition
the period from the end of infancy to age 5 or 6
Term
early childhood
Definition
during this time, a person learns to become more self-sufficient and to care for themselves. They also develop school readiness skills, such as the ability to follow instructions and identify letters, and they spend many hours playing with peers
Term
end of 1st grade
Definition
What typically marks the ending of early childhood?
Term
middle and late childhood
Definition
in this stage, achievement becomes a note central theme of the child's world, and self control increases.
Term
pursuit of independence and an identity
Definition
what are prominent themes in adolescence?
Term
biological age, psychological age, social age, chronological age
Definition
what are the four types of age?
Term
biological age
Definition
determining ______ _____ involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs
Term
psychological age
Definition
_______ _____ is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Term
social age
Definition
refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
Term
nature-nurture, nature, nurture
Definition
refers to the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture. _______ refers to an organism's biological inheritance, _______ to its environmental experiences.
Term
Just as a sunflower grows in an orderly way- unless flattened by an unfriendly environment- so too the human grows in an orderly way.
Definition
According to those who emphasize the role of nature...
(finish the sentence in a very detailed manner, bro).
Term
depress
Definition
Proponents of the importance of nature acknowledge that extreme environments- those who are psychologically barren or hostile- can _____ development.
Term
are
Definition
Those who emphasize the role of nature believe that basic growth tendencies are or are not genetically programmed into humans.
Term
are
Definition
Those who emphasize the role of nature believe that basic growth tendencies are or are not genetically programmed into humans.
Term
stability-change issue
Definition
The debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
Term
heredity and possibly early experiences in life
Definition
Many developmentalists who emphasize stability in development argue that stability is the result of what two things?
Term
continuity-dicontinuity issue
Definition
The debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages
Term
psychoanalytic theory
Definition
theories that describe primarily in terms of unconscious (beyond awareness) processes that are heavily colored by emotions
Term
psychoanalytic
Definition
____________ theorists stress that early experiences with parents extensively shape development.
Term
Erikson's theory
Definition
A psychoanalytic theory in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the human life span. Each stage consists of a unique developmental fast that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced.
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
Freud's stages of development are known as _______________ stages. In his view, the need for pleasure at any stage is either under gratified or over gratified, an individual may become fixated, or locked in, at that stage of development.
Term
latency stage
Definition
in what stage do children repress sexual interest and develo social and intellectual skills.
Term
Erikson
Definition
According to ________, motivation is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people.
Term
Piaget's theory
Definition
the theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development
Term
Behavioral and social cognitive
Definition
___________ and _______ _________ theories emphasize the environment's role in development. Two key theories are Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory.
Term
Lorenz's ethological theory
Definition
__________ ___________ theory stresses the biological and evolutionary bases of development.
Term
Brofebrenner's ecological theory
Definition
According to _______ ___________ theory, development predominately reflects the influence of five environmental systems- the microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macro system, and chronosystem.
Term
observation, survey (questionnaire) or interview, standardized tests, case study, and psychological measures
Definition
The five main methods for collecting data about life-span development are?
Term
descriptive, correlational, and experimental
Definition
Three basic research designs are?
Term
Vygotsky's theory
Definition
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Term
information-processing theory
Definition
A theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. The processes of memory and thinking are central
Term
ethology
Definition
An approach that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Term
imprinting
Definition
The rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen.
Term
Bowlby
Definition
________ stressed that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span/ In his view, if attachment is positive and secure, the individual will likely develop positively in childhood and adulthood. If the attachment is negative and insecure, development will likely not be optimal.
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