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Definition
| a set of assumptions that guide thinking |
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Definition
1. organize and explain a variety of specific facts or descriptions
2. generate new knowledge by focusing on thinking |
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| theories help to explain: (3) |
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Definition
1. how a particular problem develops
2. how an intervention can cause change
3. roadmap |
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| how to build a theory: (7) |
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Definition
1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. test
4. publication
5. verification
6. theory
7. prediction
*theories evolve |
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Definition
| how do adolescents come to use substances? |
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| intrapersonal characteristic theory |
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| who is most likely to abuse substances? |
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| cognitive-affective theories |
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Definition
| how do student expectations of substance abuse affect their actual use? |
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| components of research questions (3) |
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Definition
1. questions must address a relationship between 2 or more concepts
2. must be open to empirical tests
3. must be clearly and unambiguously stated |
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| components of a hypothesis (3) |
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Definition
1. explicitly states an expected relationship between 2 or more concepts
2. must be open to empirical tests
3. must be clearly and unambiguously stated |
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| broad concepts or topics of study (these are what we are actually interested in) |
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| general class or category of objects, events, situations, or characteristics of a person |
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| describe characteristics of a situation or environment |
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| subject or individual difference variables |
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| special category of situational variables that describe the characteristics of people (ex. age, personality traits, gender) |
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Definition
| behaviors or responses of individuals that are being measured (ex. mood, reaction time) |
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| importance of operational definitions (2) |
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Definition
1. we can't conduct empirical research on abstract concepts-need a way to represent our constructs in a concrete manner
2. researchers can't replicate and expand upon our work without knowing how we represented our constructs |
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| operational definition-constructs and variables |
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Definition
| definition of a variable in terms of the operations or techniques the researcher uses to measure or manipulate it |
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| link constructs and variables |
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Definition
| ex. we are interested in studying aggression in adults (construct). we operationally define aggression as the score one receives on a self-report personality measure of aggression (variable) |
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| observed or outcome variable |
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| entire "universe" of individuals to which a research question or finding pertains |
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| set of elements drawn from and analyzed to estimate the characteristics of a population (subset of the pop. / small group of individuals) |
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| representative if it approximates the population in relevant ways (does the sample look like a mini depiction of the pop.?) |
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-parameters are the pop. values
-statistics are estimates from the samples
WE ARE INTERESTED IN PARAMETERS |
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| extent to which conclusions based on what has been observed can be applied to what has or has not been observed (deals with how well samples approximate populations) |
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| similarity of the experimental conditions to events that occur in the "real world" |
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| extent that experiment involves the participants and makes them take the experiment seriously |
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| do we have any reason to expect that the results we have seen would not be seen given another set of circumstances? |
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| points to consider when evaluating samples (4) |
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Definition
1. what is the pop. being considered?
2. in what waysare the sample and the pop. similar/different?
3. who does the sample generalize to?
4. in what settings do the findings hold? |
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Definition
| stanford prison experiment (psychological effects) |
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| obedience experiment (electric shocking of people) |
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| standards for research set forth by a field's governing association |
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Definition
| act of not giving a subject an accurate account of a study and the risks involved before they consent to take part in the experiment |
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Definition
1. purpose of the study
2. presence of the experimenter
3. identity of experimenters
4. treatment of therapy |
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| deception acceptable when : |
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Definition
| it preserves the study and is necessary for the preservation |
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| every member of the pop. does not have an equal chance of being selected |
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Definition
| selection is random; every member of the pop. has an equal chance |
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Definition
sample of convenience; take them where you d=find them
(ex. interested in pop. of college students-choose 500 from psu) |
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Term
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Definition
sample is chosen to reflect the numerical composition of various subgroups of the pop.; no restrictions places on how the individuals are chosen
(ex. interested in work-family balance-sampes 100 employees of rural, urban, and suburban Walmarts) |
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Definition
every member of the pop. has an equal chance of being selected
(ex. interested in the study behaviors of hdfs 312w students in fall 2009-randomly select 25 names from roster) |
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| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
random sampling used to select participants; ensures that we sample individuals who make up a small proportion of the pop. that might be missed if we use random sampling
(ex. divide sample, then randomly sample using proportions-%'s) |
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| sampling from groups or clusters that already exist; 2 stages: 1. randomly select clusters 2. randomly select within clusters |
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| belief that we can learn the "truth" through observation; uses scientific method |
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| a curiosity or a question about a phenomena |
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| empirical inquiry goals (3) |
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Definition
1. description
2. prediction
3. explanation |
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Term
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Definition
1. events are lawful and ordered
2. truth can only be dervied from direct observation
(denies the truth of traditional philosophies/challenges tenacious beliefs)
3. if we are able to observe events that follow laws, then we can make predictions and derive explanations |
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Term
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Definition
1. statement/topic is proposed
2. literature review is conducted
3. conceptualize research ?s and hypotheses
4. propose research design
5. data are collected
6. data are analyzed
7. findings are shared with the scientific community |
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