Term
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Definition
| process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring the rest. |
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Term
| Appearance-Reality Problem |
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Definition
tendency to define reality by surface appearances
white milk vs purple milk example |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's ordering of a set of sticks from smallest to largest. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of something that remains the same despite change sin its form shape or appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any set of objects or events with common features that are treated as the same in certain ways |
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Term
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Definition
| Treat stimuli as the same based on shared characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes that control the transfer of information from sensory register --> working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes that retain information in working memory and or transfer it into long term |
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Term
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Definition
selecting what to attend to
no systematic organized strategies for scanning
Preschoolers --> scan more info than needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Preschoolers --> free recall (sometimes poor), can create false memories, ask questions shortly after even, play dumb when asking questions |
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Term
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Definition
| the cognitive processes to adaptive, goal directed behavior |
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Term
EXECUTIVE FUNTION (EF)
2 aspects: Working Memory |
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Definition
| Temporary storage space for manipulating info for complex tasks (learning and researching) |
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Term
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (EF)
2. inhibition |
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Definition
| Control over one's own behavior to override automatic or proponent responses |
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Term
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
3. (set-) shifting |
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Definition
| The ability to change from one set of rules to another |
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Term
| The Wisconsin Card Sort task |
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Definition
| Must determine the ruled by which target cards are sorted (dimension, shape, color) and then when the rule changes that individual must discover new rule |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires children to plan how they will move target beads to match stimulus cars while following task rules |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding of how people thinka and feel, their motivations and intentions. Involves reasoning --> imitation |
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Term
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Definition
preschoolers --> don't yet have mature form of social cognition + perspective taking
Physical --> lack of awareness that others see things from different view
Psychological --> failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings different
non-intentional |
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Term
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Definition
John Flable
crayons vs chocolate bar --> difficulty with perspective taking of other peoples knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| Preschoolers have to reason about someone else's reasons of beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
Flavell --> gave children gifts
3 yr old --> gives dolls + trucks for m+d
6 yr old --> give all appropriate signals |
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Term
FLAVELL'S COMPONENTS OF PERSPECTIVE TAKING
Knowledge of existence |
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Definition
| Other people have thoughts, viewpoints, and desires that may differ from their own |
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Term
FLAVELL'S PERSPECTIVE
awareness of needs |
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Definition
| It's useful to consider another's perspectives that doing so can facilitate social interaction and communication |
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Term
FLAVELL'S PERSPECTIVE
Social Inference |
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Definition
| Ability to read another person's actions and imagine that person's point of view |
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Term
| BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON GENDER |
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Definition
| 23 pair of chromosomes, sex hormones (estrogen+androgen), prenatal development, aggressive behavior (assoc with levels of androgens) |
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Term
| SOCIAL LEARNING ON GENDER |
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Definition
Treating of boys vs girls
Langlois and Downs study --> mother and father responses |
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Term
| GENDER SCHEMA THEORY (GENDER) |
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Definition
Children use their cognitive abilities to form a concept of schema of characteristics of male vs female with content based on social history.
--> cognitive framework that organizes world in terms of males and females |
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Term
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Definition
| sex differences based on appearances, or behavior, not biology |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that people are permanently male or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biology factors |
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Term
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Definition
Ability to control emotional expression and organize behavior in response to emotion
Infants --> impulse driven, unable to delay gratification
Preschoolers --> less angry, trantrum prone
3-4 yrs --> children verbalize a variety of strategies for adjusting arousal.
Toleration of frustration/delay of gratification |
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Term
| Why is emotional regulation important? |
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Definition
Components of social competence:
Inhibiting negative behaviors
Delaying gratification
Cognitive methods of controlling their emotion & behavior
Dealing constructively w/ stressful situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of skills that help individuals achieve their personal goals in social interactions while maintaining positive relationships with others. |
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Term
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Definition
People of all ages are asked whether they would choose a more valuable reward later or a less valuable earlier
Delay rewards increases with child's age |
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Term
| STANFORD PRESCHOOL STUDIES |
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Definition
Bell Game --> Attention to reward would enhance voluntary delay
Outcome --> ability to cope w/ frustration and resist temptation
more verbally fluent, expressive, responsive to reason, mature and self assured |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmentally appropriate aggression used to get something |
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Term
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Definition
| Has intended purpose of harming someone, relatively stable after preschool |
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Term
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Definition
Nativisit (aggression)
all animals share fighting instinct to preserve our territory, maint steady supply of food, and weed out weaker animals |
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Term
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Definition
Aggression (nativists)
biological roots of social behavior, aggression leads to reproductive success |
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Term
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Definition
Empiricists (aggression)
Bobo vs tinkertoys |
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Term
| PREOPERATIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT |
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Definition
We're not yet concrete and not yet doing formal, logical, representational thinking
A shift in changes |
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Term
| MID CHILDHOOD COGNITION CHANGES |
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Definition
perspective taking
decline in concentration
domain specific knowledge
increases in control over attention and memory |
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Term
| MID CHILDHOOD COGNITION LIMITATIONS |
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Definition
Abstract/theoretical problems
even though maturity is happening --> not yet like adult
lack of broad knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge based in logical necessity (squares have four sides) |
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Term
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Definition
| things that happen to be true based on observation, but might have been otherwise |
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Term
| HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATIONS |
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Definition
subordinate vs superordinate class
6 yrs --> petunias
8 yrs --> flowers |
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Term
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Definition
deliberately attending to just those aspects of a situation relevant to tasks goals, ignore other sources of info
sharp increase between 6-9yrs |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexibly adjusting attention to momentary to requirements of situation |
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Term
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Definition
| scan info in more systematic way, goal monitoring |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of information held in sensory register does not change much with age, but amount of info transferred into working memory increases |
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Term
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Definition
| total amount of knowledge in long term storage increases: what children are able to learn and remember, the more info you have in your long term store the better, framework for organization, storage + retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
3-5% of school age children --> clinical diagnoses, b diagnosed 5-10X than g
difficulty staying on task, impulsivity, ignoring social rules
decreased blood flow to frontal lobes, poor performance on executive funtion tasks, typical on verbal/nonverbal measures |
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Term
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Definition
1960's: excessive movement disorder
1960's - 80's: inability to pay attention
1980's: apa changes name to ADD
add with hyperactivity
add without hyperactivity |
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Term
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Definition
inattention that are persistent, maladaptive, and inconsistent with other children at their developmental level
onset before age 7
symptoms present in more than 1 setting
clear evidence of clinical significant in social, academic, or occupational functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
genetic (multigenetic)
25% of children with adhd have parents with history of hyperactivity
mz twin concordance
brain correlated --> prenatal exposure to nicotine, drugs, and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
Most common = stimulant medications
dosage regulations can reduce activity level, improve attention, academic performance, and peer relations (incr blood flow to frontal loves, and decr to motor cortex |
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Term
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Definition
over prescribed?
distinction between over activity and organically high activity level
side effects: weight loss, insomnia, inc bp
don't teach children how to compensate for inattention and hyperactivity |
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Term
| DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY |
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Definition
temper tantrums
lying common to age 8
food finickiness
sensitivity, shyness, specific fears are developmentally appropriate in young children |
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Term
| WARNING SIGNS for dev't psychopathology |
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Definition
rituals that last beyond age 8 or 9
hostile aggression
defiance that persists into mid childhooh |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATHOLOGY)
MEDICAL MODEL |
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Definition
| psychological disorder = mental illness, underlying structural or physiological malfunction in brain |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
NEUROLOGICAL + PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS |
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Definition
| biological factors, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, eating disorders, OCD |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
GENETIC MODELS |
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Definition
| some people inherit a genetic predisposition to develop emotional and behavioral problems |
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Term
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES (PSYCHOPATH)
DIATHESIS - STRESS MODEL |
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Definition
| everyone has some degree of biol vulnerability for disorders like schizophrenia, life stress, high biological predisposition --> little stress needed to dev'p disorder |
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Term
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
SOCIOLOGICAL MODEL |
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Definition
| social context surrounding child may influence outcomes |
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Term
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
BEHAVIORAL MODELS |
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Definition
| specific rewards, punishments and modeled behaviors are roof of outcome |
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Term
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL |
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Definition
| negative outcomes are result of underlying thoughts and feelings (fears, anxieties, conflicts, irrational beliefs and outlooks) |
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Term
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
FAMILY MODELS |
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Definition
| one person in a family is id as having a problem, but the person's symptoms reflect a disturbance in the larger family system |
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Term
ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH (PSYCHOPATH)
DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVES |
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Definition
| INTEGRATES ALL MODELS DESCRIBED |
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Term
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Definition
type of pervasive dev'l disorder
coined by dsm-II to describe cluster of primary symptoms involving: autism triad (abnormalities in social relatedness, language and communication deficits, narrow and restricted interests), early onset |
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Term
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Definition
| 1943, in consistence on sameness in environment, extreme social isolation, severe language deficits, cause was a mystery |
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Term
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Definition
| refrigerator mom --> cause is cold, unfeeling parents drove children into mental isolation, dev't dis of brain, assoc w other dev't disabilities, before age 3, wide variation in outcomes |
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Term
| ABNORMAL SOCIAL RELATEDNESS (AUTISM) |
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Definition
| lack of social/emotional reciprocity, problem initiating and maintaining interactions, interest in object more than people, little nonverbal communication, fusiform gyrus not active when looking at faces |
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Term
| ABNORMAL COMMUNICATION (AUTISM) |
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Definition
impaired nonverbal communication --> gesture, joint attention, directing affect
delayed speech/language --> impaired pragmatics, stereotyped, repetitive phrases |
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Term
| RECEPTIVE INTERESTS (AUTISM) |
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Definition
| receptive actions, stereotypes, rituals, speech/repetitive interests, inflexible adherence to routines, rituals, this category adherence to routines, rituals, this category does not differentiate between children with autism and children with other developmental disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
continuum of severity in each symptom group, includes those who do not meet full criteria for autistic disorder, arguments for biological basis, broader phenotype in first degree relatives,
minor physical anomalies, extreme atypical in behavioral outcomes, language and social deficits persist even after years of intervention |
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