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HDFS 310 Exam #1
Exam #1
104
Other
Not Applicable
09/23/2009

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Term
What is development?
Definition
the process of orderly, cummulative, directional age-related changes in a person
Term
orderly
Definition
changes follow a logical sequence
Term
cummulative
Definition
any given phase includes all that went before plus something more
Term
directional
Definition
development always moves towards a greater complexity
Term
concept of... quantitative
Definition
change in number or amoun ie vocab
Term
concept of... qualitive
Definition
fundamental transformation in ability or characteritics ie babbling to first word
Term
concept of... normative
Definition
changes across all children
Term
concept of... individual development
Definition
individual variations around normative course; continuity within pathway
Term
John Locke
Definition
(1632-1704)empirisits... "tabula rasa" (blank slate)
Term
Rousseau
Definition
(1712-1778) Nativist...."natural unfolding"
Term
Nativism
Definition
human intellectual abilties to innate
Term
Modularity
Definition
specific mind/brain modules are designed by evolution to perform specific cognitive tasks
Term
Empiricism
Definition
nature provides only species-general learning mechanisms, with cognitiion arisng as a result of experience
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
(1809-1882)
Evolution: development of species through structural changes over time
Term
natural selection
Definition
process by which traits that are well adapted to an enviornment are selected through reprouduction
Term
adaption
Definition
changes in a species that increases the chance of survival in a particular enviornment
Term
Theories of development...
3 cognitive?
Definition
Piaget, Information processing, sociocultural
Term
theories of development...
3 social/emotional?
Definition
psoychoanalytic, social learning, bowlby
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
(1896-1980) believes in active engagement in children, nothing passive
ie learning object sense
Term
Stage theory
Definition
development=qualitative change
as children grow, they undergo major qualitative changes in how they think and learn
Term
normative theory
Definition
-development cant be accelerated through training
-targeting their specific developmental stage
Term
sensorimotor
Definition
0-2 years, coordinate sensory experience with motor actions ie smiling and laughing when tickled
Term
preoperational
Definition
2-7 years, begin to represent the world in words, images and drawings
Term
concrete operational
Definition
7-11 years, begin to perform operations, thinking logically
Term
formal operations
Definition
11-15 years, abstract, logical thinking
Term
Lev Vygotsky
Definition
(1896-1934)most famous idea was the zone of proximal development
Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
working with caregiver and getting brought along
Term
Geoff Sax
Definition
interested in theory,children skills.... children selling candy to tourists (using 5 and 3 times table)
Term
Stanley Greenspan
Definition
noticed how children act in a certain way to get a predicted response
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
(1856-1939) Vinenese neurologist
Term
Mind= 3 structures....
What are they?
Definition
Id= instincts, unconscious
Ego= self, executive branch, reality driven
Superego=conscience, morality
Term
Psychosexual stages
Definition
qualitive changes, want pleasure not survival skills
-oral 0-18 months
-anal 18-3 years
-phallic 3-6 years
-latency 6-puberty
-genital puberty onward
Term
fixation
Definition
under or overdevelopment in a certain stage of development
Term
Bolby
Definition
english psychiatrist (1908-1990)
-adaptional theory
-infants are predisposed (bilogically hard-wired) to behave in certain ways that promote closeness with caregivers
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
specific, testable, assumption and prediction derived from a theory
Term
experiment
Definition
study conducted under controlled conditions
Term
ecological validity
Definition
degree to which experimental findings in the lab generalize to the outside world
Term
Observational studies
Definition
naturalistic observation- ethological approach, "real world", behavior observed outside the lab
Term
blurotn jones
Definition
believed in studying children when they cant speak
Term
interviews/questionaries
Definition
social acceptability problem
Term
standarized tests
Definition
-commercially prepared tests that assess performance in different domains
-compare performance with norms
Term
case studies
Definition
in depth look at an individual
Term
longitudinal
Definition
studying the same individuals over a period of time
Term
cross sectional
Definition
studying people of many ages at one time
Term
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Definition
(1917-____) Ecological Theory
Term
microsystem
Definition
setting where person lives in regular enviornment
Term
bell's directional effect
Definition
childs behavior effects what parent does, in turn effecting what the child does
Term
mesosystem
Definition
realtionships between microsystems
Term
exosystem
Definition
societal institutions that a person does not experience first hand, that still influence development
ie school systems, local government, local media, religious institutions
Term
macrosystem
Definition
culture in which indivuals live (behavior patterns, beliefs)
Term
SES (socio-economic status)
Definition
the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and econmic characteristics
ie occupational prestige
-educational resources
-economic resources
-power to influence community and institutions
Term
center ring
Definition
1 genetics
2 prental development
3 developmental history intil this point
Term
SES related outcomes:
high ses parents
Definition
-explain more
-use more verbal praise
-reason during discipline
-ask children more questions
Term
culture
Definition
-ideas, values, assumptions about life that guide people's behavior
-human made
-passed from generation to generation
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the tendency to favor one group over other groups
Term
cross sectional studies
Definition
comparison of culture with one or more other cultures... answers questions about universality of child development
Term
Order of bio-ecological theory
Definition
1 genetics
2 microsystem
3 mesosystem
4 exosystem
5 macrosystem
6 chronosystem
Term
how many chromosomes are in a nucleus of every somatic cell?
Definition
humans generally have 46
Term
46 chromosomes equals how many pairs?
Definition
23 paris (inherited from mom and dad)
Term
homologus pairs
Definition
the members of each chromosome pair are of the same general size and shape and carry genes from the same type
Term
every indiviual has how many copies of each gene?
Definition
2... except males dont have XY
Term
what are chromosomes?
Definition
threadlike structures found in the nucleus
Term
gene
Definition
section of chromosomes that codes for a particular position
Term
about how many total genes are there?
Definition
24,000
Term
explain mitotic cell division
Definition
1 dna duplicates itself
2 line up along the cell center
3 split into two single stranded chromosomes
4 seperate to opposite side of cell
5 cell division down the middle
6 result in two new exact replica cells
Term
explain meitoc cell division
Definition
1 DNA in germ cell duplicates
2 homologus chromosomes pair up
3 homologus pairs seperate
4 first meitic cell
5 double stranded dna in both new cells
6 second meiotic cell divison = 4 new cells with 23 chromosomes
Term
explain meitoc cell division
Definition
1 DNA in germ cell duplicates
2 homologus chromosomes pair up
3 homologus pairs seperate
4 first meitic cell
5 double stranded dna in both new cells
6 second meiotic cell divison = 4 new cells with 23 chromosomes
Term
cell division...
Definition
only 4 cells become sperm, only 1 in 4 become eggs
Term
genetic disorders
Definition
deletion, trisomy, maternal uniparental disomy
Term
deletion disorders
Definition
williams syndrome, 5p- syndrome, smith-magenis
Term
trisomy disorder
Definition
down syndrome
Term
maternal uniparental disomy
Definition
prader-willi syndrome
Term
probablistic model
Definition
a child that is born with a syndrome is probabic to show phentotypes, but every child is different
Term
smith-magenis syndrome
Definition
-1 in every 25,000
-behavioral phenotype:
cognitive, linquistic, pyschopathology
Term
5p- syndrome
Definition
-(pre-dispaw syndrome)
-intellectual disability
Term
down syndrome
Definition
-extra chromosome 21
-1 in 700 births
Term
relative strengths and weaknesses in down syndrome
Definition
strengths:
-visuo-spatial processing
-some aspects of social-emotional functioning
-receptive language

weaknesses:
-auditory, verbal processing
-expressive language
-motor functioning
Term
prader-willi syndrome
Definition
-both chromosome 15 are from mom
- 1 in 15,000 births
behavioral phenotype:
-cognitive, personality motivation, pyschopathology
Term
hyperpagia
Definition
uncontrollable desire to eat
Term
williams syndrome
Definition
caused by a deletion (missing piece)on chromosome 7. Piece only carries between 16-33 genes on it
Term
strengths and weaknesses of williams syndrome
Definition
stengths:
-verbal/auditory processing
-some aspects of social/emotional functions
-expressive language

weaknesses:
-visuo-spatial processing
-receptive lanquage
-fine motor skills
-anxietics, fears, in attention
Term
ovum
Definition
female gamete
Term
sperm
Definition
male gamete
Term
MZ (monozygotic)
Definition
= fraternal twins; share 100% of genetic makeup
Term
DZ (dizygotic)
Definition
=identical twins; share 50% of genetic makeup
Term
germinal period
Definition
weeks 0-2
Term
what happens within first 24 hours of fertilization?
Definition
zygote moves through fallopian tubes
Term
what happens within 30 hours of fertilization?
Definition
first cell divison (mitotic)
Term
what happens within 60 hours of fertilization?
Definition
4 cells
Term
what happens within 1 week of fertilization?
Definition
blastocyst
Term
blastocyst
Definition
about one hundred cells in a hollow ball
Term
embryo
Definition
zygote planted into uterus
Term
organogenesis
Definition
formation of organs and other body structures
Term
steps of differentiation
Definition
1 embryoblast(becomes inner cell mass)=embryo
2 trophobalst(becomes outer cell mass)=life support system
3 implantation of zygote into lining of uterus
Term
endoderm
Definition
stomach, liver, lungs
Term
mesoderm
Definition
muscle, bone, blood
Term
ectoderm
Definition
CNS, sensory organs, skin
Term
cephalocaudal development
Definition
development proceeds from head downward
Term
proximodistal development
Definition
development proceeds from center of body outward
Term
embryonic period
Definition
week 3-8
Term
fetal period
Definition
week 9- birth
Term
what happens in week 4 of the fetal period?
Definition
fingers and toes
Term
what happens in week 5 of the fetal period?
Definition
eyebrows and eyelashes
Term
true or false
the fetus is more responsive than the embryo
Definition
true!!!
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