Term
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Definition
-Looking at the interactions between humans and their environments then seeing this relationship as a system.
-Biological, social, and physical aspects of the organism are considered within the context of their environments. |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model |
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Definition
4 Dimensions (PPCT)
Person
Process
Contexts
Time
SYSTEMS Theory
INDIVIDUAL
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM |
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Term
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Definition
Person
Characteristics of the individual (age, gender, genetics, intelligence, etc.)
Process
Interactions between the individual and environment (e.g. socialization)
Contexts
Physical and social environments (e.g. neighborhood you live in, culture of people surrounding you a.k.a. beliefs, values, etc., urban v. suburban v. other areas)
Time
The pattern of events in someone’s life and the transitions and events that occur (individual life and history) (e.g. parental death/divorce, genocides, wars and traumatic historical events, as well as, traumatic events in an individual’s life) |
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Term
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Definition
A small group organized around kinship, often (but not always) involving some sort of marriage, which is often (but not always) between one man and woman
Biological vs. fictive kin (Blood relatives v. Those considered your family) |
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Term
| Four major trends affecting families around the globe |
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Definition
1. From homogeneity to diversity
Transition from being similar to different, increased variability
E.g. new patterns cohabitation, new family forms, older birth etc.
2. From stability to change
Things change more, not all following the same course in life anymore
3. Greater unpredictability
E.g. divorce, family moving away, number of kids, death, disease, age of childbearing and marriage, etc.
4. From gendered parenting to transgendered families
Move from strict role division to flexible role performance
E.g. dual earner couples, same-sex households, greater role sharing
From male dominance to greater egalitarianism
Less of a hierarchy, more sharing of power and decision making
Men have typically in most societies have more power but it has been changing (erosion patriarchy) |
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Term
| Subtypes of Globalization |
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Definition
Economic
Globalization of labor, markets and consumption
Political
Interdependence and fragmentation
Political systems become more integrated
E.g. Spread of democracy, international agreements, etc.
Groups form across national boundaries
Cultural
Convergence- globalization is leading to increasing homogeneity among world cultures
E.g. McDonald’s in other countries, democracy, etc.
Differentialism- globalization has little effect on culture
E.g. dietary restrictions, cultural beliefs, etc.
Hybridization- globalization is resulting in synthesis of “local” and “global”
E.g. Technology and traditional values combined, McDonald’s in other countries with local twists on the food, hip hop, etc. |
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Term
| 3 Positions in the Globalization Debate |
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Definition
Skeptics- Don’t believe in globalization, ignore importance of local forces. GLOBALIZATION IS NOTHING
Hyperglobalists- Fully believe that globalization is in effect, support change, all aspects of life are affected through assumptions, ideas, media, etc. GLOBALIZATION IS EVERYTHING
Transformationalists- Believe in the combination of globalization and homogeneity, believe in globalization but goes over the effects and costs, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Risk = “uncertainty and insecurity in economic, political and other spheres of life” and “a heightened sense of personal responsibility”
Attention to variations due to race, class, gender and other social categories |
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Term
| Stages of Demographic Transition |
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Definition
Stage 1: Birth and death rates high (stable), population low (stable)
Stage 2: Death rates drop dramatically, birth rates remain high, population size increases
Less death, access to medical resources, higher mortality rates, etc.
Stage 3: Birth and death rates fall (converging at low rates), population size continues to grow
Stage 4: Birth and death rates low and balanced, population levels off
Stage 5: *New/rare- Birth rates drop below death rates, population declines |
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Term
| Shifts in global population distribution (e.g., “graying” of the world) |
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Definition
Stage 1- expanding
High birth rate, rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates, short life expectancy
Stage 2- expanding
High birth rate fall in death rate as more living in middle age, slightly longer life expectancy
Stage 3- stationary
Declining birth rate, low death rate, more people living to old age
Percentage of population in older people is better
Stage 4- contracting
Low birth rate, low death rate, higher dependency ratio, longer life expectancy
Population characteristics shaped by:
Morbidity (disease) and mortality (death)
Fertility (birth)
Population movements (migration) |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Model U.S. Statistics chart from 1850-2014 |
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Definition
Life expectancy has doubled since 1850
Fertility rate has gone down
Infant mortality has gone down
Total population has gone up
HIV/AIDS as an exemplar of a disease of globalization (key statistics, characteristics, impacts on families) |
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Term
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Definition
Global decline in morbidity and mortality
37 million people live with HIV
People with HIV have increased access to treatment
53% (19.5 million) of all people with HIV
76% of pregnant women with HIV
Global declines in:
New HIV infections
AIDS related deaths |
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Term
| HIV/AIDS Impacts on Families |
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Definition
HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects adults in their most productive years
Disrupts usual systems of care
Children may have to leave school to help earn money or care for their sick parent
Loss of adult children may leave elders without caregivers
Parental death leaves children orphaned |
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Term
| HIV/AIDS: A Disease of Globalization |
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Definition
Geographic mobility
Local variations
Disproportionate impact on women
Biological, social and cultural factors increase women’s vulnerability |
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Term
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Definition
Migrant- Relocated across (national) boundaries
Can be temporary or permanent
Voluntary or involuntary |
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Term
| Global Migration Statistics |
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Definition
Number of international migrants worldwide increased from 154 million people in 1990 to 244 million people in 2015
About 66 million people forcibly relocated or searching for opportunity
3.3% of the world’s population lives outside of their birth country
Internal migration is much more common than international migration
U.S. receives most migrants compared to every other country
Latin America sends the most migrants out of their country compared to every other country |
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Term
| Impacts on Demographic Shifts on Families and Societies |
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Definition
Dependency Ratio
Number of dependents (children, retirees) relative to the number of working age population
Economic concept showing balance between those who are economically active (working population) and the number of people under age 14 who aren’t of working age and retirees.
Impacts of Young Population
Stage 2: Systems of socialization and care may be strained
Stage 3: “Youth bulge” can boost labor supply, contributing to economic development and reducing dependency ratio
Impacts of Aging Population
Fewer working-age people- economic slowdown and fewer workers paying into retirement system
Reallocation of public resources (e.g. funds for seniors vs. children)
Systems care may be strained |
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Term
| Ecological Systems Theory in Depth |
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Definition
INDIVIDUAL- their characteristics
MICROSYSTEM- family, friends, and direct environments (neighborhood play area, church, school, etc.)
MESOSYSTEM- Interactions between those in microsystem (relationship between friends and parents, PTA parents, etc.)
EXOSYSTEM- Parent’s place of work, indirectly affects individual, mass media, extended family, nearby neighborhoods, indirect effects on individual
MACROSYSTEM- Political systems, beliefs, values, law, economic system (U.S. uses capitalism); attitudes and ideologies of the culture
CHRONOSYSTEM- Patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course |
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