Term
| What are the main effects of hormones? |
|
Definition
1) stimulation or inhibition of growth
2) mood swings
3) induction or suppression of apoptosis
4) activation or inhibition of the immune system
5) regulation of metabolism
6) preparation of the body for mating, fighting, fleeing, and other activity
7) preparation of the body for a new phase of life, such as puberty,parenting, and menopause
8) control of the reproductive cycle
9) hunger cravings
10) Sexual arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exocrine Paracrine Autocrine Juxacrine |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of juxacrine signalling |
|
Definition
| Notch: Notch signaling promotes proliferative signaling during neurogenesis, and its activity is inhibited by Numb to promote neural differentiation. |
|
|
Term
| What types of hormones exist? According to solubility. Give an example. |
|
Definition
| Watersoluble(insulin/epinephrine) and lipid soluble(cortisol/thyroxine) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hormone can act as transcription factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How lipophilic hormones are transported? |
|
Definition
| bound to special proteins,especially albumin and globulins |
|
|
Term
| How one hormone can have different effects on different cells? |
|
Definition
Different receptors
Different signal transduction pathways
Different proteins to carry out the responce
Different species |
|
|
Term
| How epinephrine can have a different effects on different cells? |
|
Definition
a-receptors -> intestinal vessels -> constriction
b-receptors -> skeletal muscle blood vessels -> expand
b-receptors -> liver cells -> glycogen break down |
|
|
Term
| Name chemical classes of hormones |
|
Definition
Peptide (TSH, insuline)
Lipid derived (steroids)
Monoamines |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones does suprarenal cortex produce? |
|
Definition
corticosteroids: glucocorticosteroids (cortisol,zona glomerosa) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterol)
small amount of sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones does suprarenal medulla produce? |
|
Definition
| adrenalin and noradrenalin |
|
|
Term
| What is the short-term response to stress (adrenalin)? |
|
Definition
Glycogen break down
Increased blood pressure
Increased breathing rate
Increased metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
| The structure of adrenaline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How adrenaline is synthesized? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine-> L-Dopa ->Dopamin -> Noradrenaline+SAM->Adrenaline |
|
|
Term
| In which step Vitamine C participates in the synthesis of adrenaline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How T3 and T4 are prevented from penetration from the membrane? |
|
Definition
| By binding to thyroglobulin - large secretory glucoprotein |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones control the Ca level? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone (produced by parathyroid) and calcitonin, released from thyroid PTH - increase Ca, Calcitonin - reduce |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone production |
|
Definition
- Thyroglobulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum enters the lumen of follicle
- Meanwhile, a sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter pumps iodide (I-) actively into the cell
- This iodide enters the follicular lumen
- In the colloid, iodide (I-) is oxidized to iodine (I0) by thyroid peroxidase
- I0 iodinates the thyroglobulin at tyrosyl residues
- Adjacent tyrosyl residues are paired together
- Thyroglobulin endocytosis back into cell
- Proteolysis by various proteases liberates thyroxine and triiodothyronine molecules |
|
|
Term
| The sign of hyperthyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the mechanism of Morbus Basedow (Grave's desease) |
|
Definition
| Autoantibodies against TSH receptors lead to a permanent stimulation the hormone production and distribution -> hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| When insulin/glucagon released to blood? What this results in? |
|
Definition
| Insulin is released as response to high glucose level, it decreases it. Glucagon - vice verca |
|
|
Term
| Where insulin and glucagon are made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized as signal peptide+A peptide+B peptide+C peptide in ER, then C is cleaved away in Goldgi |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of insulin action? |
|
Definition
Quiescent cells> GLUT4 in cytoplasmic vesicles
Insulin> two signal paths> GLUT4 is incorporated into membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which types of diabetes exist? |
|
Definition
Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance
Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes
before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease vitamin D deficiency results in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
