Term
| What are the main tastes human can distinguish? |
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Definition
| Sweet (carbohydr), umami (L-aminoacids), sour(acid), salty and bitter (poison) |
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Term
| What does stimulating of taste buds? |
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Definition
| Initiates physiological reflexes that prepare the gut for absorption and other metabolic adjustments (insulin release, sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue, increased heart rate) |
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Term
| Where gustatory signals originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many taste buds does human have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are test buds represent renewing population? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissue are test buds derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of cells constitute taste buds? |
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Definition
| Type I, II, III and undifferentiated cells (IV) |
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Term
| Give the main characteristics of type I cells |
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Definition
1) Most abundant
2) Lamellae (extended cytoplasm)
3) GLAST (glutamate uptake)
4) terminating synapse transmission
5) glia
6) SALT |
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Term
| What serves as neurotransmitter in taste buds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give the main characteristics of type II cells |
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Definition
1) SWEET, BITTER, UNAMI
2) Receptors = G-prtein coupled
3) Na/K channels
4) RECEPTOR CELLS |
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Term
| Give the main characteristics of type III cells |
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Definition
1) Synaptic junctions
2) Neural like genes
3) Ca channels
4) SOUR
5) Receive input from receptors |
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Term
| How many types of receptors does single type II cell express? |
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Definition
| One (only for sweet/bitter/unami) |
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Term
| How taste buds detect Na+? |
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Definition
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Term
| How taste buds detect acid? |
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Definition
| Acids permeate through the membrane and acidify the cytoplasm where they dissociate to acidify the cytosol. Intracellular H+ is believed to block a proton-sensitive K channel and depolarize the membrane. Voltage-gated Ca channels would then elevate cytoplasmic Ca2+ to trigger exocytosis of synaptic vesicles |
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Term
| How taste buds detect sweet/bitter/unami? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vomeronasal organ senses? |
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Definition
senses nonvolatile chemical stimuli, including
pheromones |
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Term
| Outline the detection of smell |
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Definition
| Smell particle -> receptor -> immotile cilia -> extension of dendrite -> olfactory sensory neurone -> nasal olfactory epithelium->axon->olfactory bulb in forebrain |
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Term
| What is the type of odorant receptors? |
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Definition
| G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and trace amine–associated receptor (TAAR) |
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Term
| Outline molecular mechanism of smell |
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Definition
| Upon binding its cognate odor ligand, the activated OR couples through Gaolf, a Gas isoform enriched in OSNs. Activated Gaolf in turn activates type III adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the production of cAMP. The increase in intracellular cAMP “gates” or opens a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel, leading to an influx of sodium and calcium ions and depolarization of the neuron |
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Term
| How the selection of particular OR occurs in olfactory neuron? |
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Definition
Selection of a particular OR gene by the cell is thought to occur via interaction of a cis-regulatory locus control region with the proximal promoter of a single OR gene within a cluster of OR genes. This choice is stabilized—and the expression from all other OR genes in the genome is silenced—by an OR-dependent feedback loop, which ensures
the expression of a single OR per sensory neuron. |
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Definition
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