Term
| which is more devestating to overall immunity? Loss of innate or loss of adaptive? |
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Definition
| - Loss of innate is worse, in absence of innate immunity, microorganisms can replicate very quickly |
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Term
| Two key cell types for innate immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Five characteristics of macrophages |
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Definition
1) long-lived leukocytes
2) Widely distributed in normal tissues
3) often first cell to encounter a pathogen
4) Represent the matrue form of circulating monocytes
5) Increase in number at sites of injury or infection |
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Term
| Four characteristics of neutrophils |
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Definition
1) short lived circulating leukocytes
2) Most abundant type of white cell in the circulation
3) rarely found in normal tissues
4) can be quickly recruited to sites of injury or infection |
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Term
| Where are phagocytotic cells found in large numbers |
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Definition
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Term
| Tiessues where phagocytes are predominant |
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Definition
| lung, liver, spleen, skin |
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Term
What are PRRs and what cells have them?
What do they recognize?
What do they initiate? |
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Definition
- germline encoded intracellular and cell surface PAMP recognition receptors
- present in macrophages and dendritic cells
- bacterial, viarl and fungal components
- initiate signals to recruit T-cells and B-cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - coating of particles by molecules that enhance recognition by phagocytes |
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Term
when does mediator production occur?
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Definition
| - when macrophages are acted on by an appropriate stimulus |
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Term
What things accumulate in inflammation?
What causes them to accumulate?
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Definition
- fluid, plasma proteins and WBC's
- injury, infectious agents, immune responses |
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Term
| What important process is interwoven with inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three key events of the inflammation process and what happens in each |
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Definition
1) alteration of blood flow - vasodilation facilitates movemet of additional serum mediators and white cells into the area of insult
2) Increased vascular permeability - endothelial cells contract leading to widened intracellular junctions
3) Infiltartion of WBCs into affected area - early on marked by predominance of neutrophils, later macrophages. Lymphocytes are the last type to arrive. |
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Term
| What cell type is dominant in chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key step that activates the innate immune response? |
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Definition
| - activation of pattern recognition receptors |
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Term
| Type of molecule that a PRR is? |
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Definition
- transmembrane (TLR and CLR) or soluble (NLR and RLR) receptors found on dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes
- |
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Term
| What key molecule is associated with PAMPs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does TLR-3 recognize? |
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Definition
| double stranded RNA (good for detecting viruses) |
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Term
| What does TLR-4 dimer recognize? |
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Definition
| Lipopolysaccharides common in gram negative cells |
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Term
| What is redundancy in terms of TLR's |
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Definition
| - multiple TLR's can respond to the same species of bacteria |
|
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Term
| what major transcription factor is activated and what does this do? |
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Definition
-NF-kB
- activates genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| What will a mutation in a TLR cause? |
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Definition
| - more prone to infection by certain bacteria |
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Term
| Six characteristics of dendritic cells |
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Definition
1) Roam freely throughout most, if not all tissues and organs
2) Display multiple types of PRR
3) Phagocytize pathogens (antigens)
4) Become effective antigen presenting cells
5) Direct the type adaptive response based on PRR activation and/or interaction iwth other innate cells especially NK and delta/gama lymphocytes
6) Can secrete different cytokines that also shape the character of the adaptive response by influencing lymphocyte differentiation and maturation |
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Term
| What are dendtritic cells best at? |
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Definition
| - presenting antigens, directing type of adaptive response |
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Term
What type of pathogen are NK cells most impotant for?
What type of progenitors are they derived from? |
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Definition
- important for viruses
- lymphoid progenitors |
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Term
| Why are NK cells considered innate cells (2 reasons)? |
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Definition
- the specificity of the receptors they use to recognize targets is not diversified like T and B cells.
- they are pre-programmed to respond to their targets and do not diversify in response to antigens |
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Term
| What do NK cells do when their receptors are activated? |
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Definition
| - destroy infected cells by releasing cytotoxic granules |
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Term
| What cells do NK's interact with that determine the type of adaptive response? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| - subset of lympohcytes that express only a limited diversity of receptors |
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Term
| most likely function of NKT cells |
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Definition
| - provide immediate help for the adaptive immune system by producing cytokines that can influence both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses |
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Term
| Two types of T-cells that exist in the innate immune system |
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Definition
NKT cells
delta/gamma lymphocytes |
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Term
| What do delta/gamma lymphocytes recognize |
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Definition
| - recognize small molecule phosphoantigens (metabolic intermediates in lipid biosynthesis in bacterial but not in mammals under normal circumstances) |
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Term
| two ways to deliver antigens to the lymph node/spleen system? |
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Definition
| dendritic cells or via blood |
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Term
steps for B and T cell activation?
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Definition
- delivery of antigens to lymph node or spleen
- once there they activate B and T cells
- activated T-cells produce antibodies
- activated T-cells and antibodies exit the node/spleen and migrate to area of infection and eliminate the infection |
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Term
| difference between innate and adaptive in terms of identifying microorganisms |
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Definition
Innate: very simple, just use strange sugars or DNA
Adaptive: more complicated, recognizes microbial peptide derivatives by virtue of specific cell receptors on lymphocytes |
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Term
| Difference between innate and adapative in terms of memory |
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Definition
- innate has no memory
-adaptive has no memory |
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Term
| What is humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| - a process that utilizes the production of antigen specific antibody immunoglobins to neutralize or target pathogens for elimination |
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