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HD 3700
The brain
68
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/26/2014

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Term
Acute onset
Definition
happens suddenly around 20
Term
prodromal
Definition
person always had odd characteristics-->socially isolated-->slide into schizo ep
Term
positive symptoms
Definition
ones that shouldn't be present (delusions, hallucinations, bizarre speech)
Term
negative symptoms
Definition
loss or absence of functioning (paucity of thought, flattened affect, poor hygiene)
Term
Hind-brain
Definition
takes info from nervous system-->mid brain
Term
ionotropic receptors
Definition
NTs open channel-->release ions
Term
metabotropic receptors
Definition
nTs cause receptors to create g-protein-->open ion channels-->2nd messenger-->turn on DNA
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
made in neurons; released across synaptic cleft
Term
Ex neurotransmitters
Definition
Ach, DA, NE, 5HT, GABA, Glu
Term
Neuropeptide
Definition
similar properties as small neurotransmitter
Term
Ex neuropeptide
Definition
endorphins, oxytocin, AVP
Term
Hormone
Definition
released by neuron into circulation & target organ
Term
ex Hormone
Definition
estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, insulin, thyroxin
Term
neurohormone
Definition
released by neuron into circulation and target organ
Term
ex neurohormone
Definition
oxytocin, AVP (arginine Vasopressin)
Term
Glutamate
Definition
excitatory NT; precursor to GABA
Term
GABA
Definition
inhibitory NT
Term
catecholamine synthesis
Definition
Tyrosine-->L-Dopa-->Dopamine-->NE-->Epinephrine
Term
NT progression
Definition
create vesicles @terminal buttons-->cell membrane-->release DA into synapse

Autoreceptors on DA neurons stop producing DA after certain amt produced

Transporters on DA neurons remove excess DA from synapse
Term
DA pathways
Definition
Nigrostriatal
mesolimbic
mesocortical
Term
Nigrostriatal pathway
Definition
midbrain to striatum; gross motor mvmts
shortage of DA-->Parkinson's symptoms
Term
mesolimbic
Definition
DA neurons from Ventral Tegmental area project into limbic system;emotion and memory
Term
mesocortical
Definition
VT area-->prefrontal cortex; high order thought, anticipation, fantasy
Term
Ne pathway
Definition
Locus coeruleus @brain stem;forebrain bringing E to cortex, limbic system, thalamus & hypothalamus; hunger, arousal, sleep pain
Term
Serotonin (5HT)
Definition
Dietary Trptophan->L-Trp (blood)->L-trp (brain)-->5HTP-->5HT
Term
5HT pathway
Definition
starts @ raphe nuclei (midline of brainstem--> neocortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, lumbic system;
5HT1A receptor contributes to mood & anxiety
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
persistent low level depression occuring more days than not over 2 years
Term
Suicide/depression rule of 7s
Definition
1/7 recurrent depressive illness commits suicide
70% suicides have depressive illness
70% suicides see MD w/in 6 wks of suicide
suicide=7th leading cause of death
Term
Depressed brain structure
Definition
dec volume & inc activity @ prefrontal cortex
smaller Hippocampus
larger amygdala
inc activiated Anterior Cingulate Cortex
less active nucleus accumbus
dec serotonin
inc amygdala
Term
Schizophrenic brain changes
Definition
inc D2 receptors
dec amygdala
dec hippocampus
reduc in volume of regions in frontal/temporal lobes
inc size of ventricles-->dec neurons
diminished NMDA receptors (glutamate)
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
mvmt and emotions
in schizo- paranoia & hallucinations
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
problem solving
in schizo-diffculty in planning actions and organizing thoughts
Term
limbic system
Definition
emotions
in schizo-agitation
amygdala and hippocampus
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
processes info about visual world
Term
hippocampus
Definition
mediates learning and memory formation, episodic memory
Term
Diffs btw 1st/2nd gen antipsychotics
Definition
1st gen good for pos symptoms
2nd fewer extrapyramidal symptoms
Term
CBT goal
Definition
dec intensity of pos symptoms, reduce rlapse, dec social disability
Term
dopamine and glutamate in schizo
Definition
overactive dopaminergic receptors inhibit release of glutamate
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
movement, perception of stimuli
somatosensory area
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
visual processing-->hallucinations
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
perception
Term
cerebellum
Definition
regulation and coordination of movement
Term
DA and its pathways & schizo symptoms
Definition
too much in mesolimbic-->pos sx
too little in mesocortical-->neg sx
too little in nigrostriatal-->parkinsons
too little in tuberoinfundibular-->breast milk secretion
Term
SDA
Definition
serotonin-Dopamine antagonist
antipsychotic
5HT2A inhibitors in sertaonergic neurons release DA
Term
mood congruent psychotic state
Definition
BPD 1
delusions are related to mood state
Term
MAOI
Definition
prevent breakdown of 5HT
serious side effects due to excess NE
1st gen antiderpessants
Term
Tricyclics
Definition
1st reuptake inhibtors
block transporters in presynaptic neuron
side effects bc bind other targests
antidepressants
Term
SSRI
Definition
selective serotonin inhibitors
specific to serotonin by down regulating receptors
Term
brain stem
Definition
medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum
homeostasis
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
regulates pituitary
eating, drinking, sex
Term
amygdala
Definition
fight or flight
inc activation in depressed/anxious
smaller in schizo
Term
thalamus
Definition
top of pons; controls body mvmt
Term
2nd gen antipsychotics
Definition
atypical
just as effective in red pos sx
also red neg sx
more enhancement of cog functions
greater tx compliance
Term
dopamine hypothesis
Definition
overactive or hypersensitive DA system
Term
ion channels under resting conditions
Definition
Cl, K channels open
Na channels closed
NA/K pump actively transports K into cell, more NA out of cell
Term
action potential
Definition
level of excitation crosses threshold
all or nothing
rapid and dramatic movement in pos direction followed by rapid restoration of resting potential
generated at axon hillock
Term
catecholamines
Definition
DA, NE, EPI
Term
stages of neurotransmission
Definition
synthesis-made from precursor
storage-stored in vesicles
release-influx of calcium ions into terminal
postsynaptic action-binds to receptors
inactivation-enzymes break down transmitters or transporters reuptake
Term
lateral prefrontal cortex
Definition
working memory
Term
medial prefrontal cortex
Definition
judging vbalue of rewards and assessing value of an acion for obtaining a predicted outcome
Term
medulla
Definition
controls vital reflex functions
Term
HPA axis
Definition
compromised in ddpressed
stress-->NE@hypothalamus-->CRH@ pituitary-->cortisol @adrenals
Term
Beck hypothesis
Definition
cog symptoms precede mood symptoms
Term
Pons
Definition
sleep and wakefulness
Term
CT
Definition
narrow x rays passed through tissues
Term
MRI
Definition
magnetic field around brain
Term
fMRI
Definition
blood glucose metabolism
Term
ways to misues brain imaging
Definition
prove brain body theory (dualism)
simplify brain functions to physical
disregard fact that brain molds itself from experience
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