Term
| two pathways for connection between the CNS and the immune system and describe them |
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Definition
1) direct (neuonal) - innervation of primary and secondary lymphoid organs as well as adrenal medulla
2) indirect (neuroendocrine) - CNS communicates hormonaly with the immune system |
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Term
| Where does CRH come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary stimulant of bone marrow? |
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Definition
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Term
What three things is the thymus stimulated by?
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Definition
noreadrenergic fibers
cholinergic fibers
peptidergic fibers (neuropeptides) |
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Term
| What is the spleen generally stimulated by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what stimulates the lymphnodes? |
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Definition
| norepinephrine and neuropeptides |
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Term
| How are the cells of the adrenal medulla innervated? |
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Definition
| directly by sympathetics through splanchnic nerves |
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Term
| what four types of molecules act on the immune system? |
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Definition
1) norepinephrine, epinephrine
2) enkephalins
3) beta-endorphins
4) Cortisol |
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Term
metabolic effects of cortisol
immunoeffects of cortisol |
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Definition
- promotes gluconeogenesis
- reduces cytokine production |
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Term
| Two effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the immune system |
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Definition
1) increase leukocyte mobilization
2) incrase NK cell activity |
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Term
Where do endorphins come from?
What two things do they play an important role in? |
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Definition
- POMC - from anterior pituitary and immuno competent cells
- analgesia and feelings of happiness |
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Term
Where are enkephalins made?
What do they do? |
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Definition
- made in brain, pituitary, and adrenal gland
- play a role in analgesia |
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Term
| What two things do both enkephalins and endorphins do? |
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Definition
both :
stimulate T-cell reactivity
stimulate NK cell activity |
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Term
| what is the difference between endorphins and enkephalins? |
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Definition
| endorphins act more like hormones while enkephalins act more like neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
1) acute controllable emotional or mental stress
2) chronic uncontrolable negative stress |
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Term
Where do lymphocytes and leukoctyes go in response to stress?
What hormone is responsible for this |
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Definition
- after mobilization by epinephrine and norepinephrine, they localize to the regional lymph nodes
- this is inresponse to a more gradual rise in cortisol |
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Term
| during a stressful event, how does the epithelium change? How do leukoctye cells surfaces change? |
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Definition
Epithelium increases it's amount of I-CAM1
leukoctyes express more CD11a |
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Term
Effect of slightly elevated cortisol
Effect of majorly elevated cortisol
Effect of chronically elevated cortisol |
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Definition
- all are measured by delayed type hypersenstivity
- slightly evelevated: DTH is enhanced
- majorly elevated: DTH is decreased
- chronically elevated: decreases below the "no stress" level |
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Term
| What was found to be decreased in caregivers to the chronically ill? |
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Definition
- IL 1 production, IL 2 production in response to influenza vaccine
- antibody production |
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Term
| what cytokines may have effect on CNS? What do they do? |
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Definition
Il-1, TNF, Il-6
- induce behavioral symptoms like fatigue, lethargy etc. |
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Term
| How can cytokines affect the CNS? |
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Definition
- change the firing frequencies of nerve cells in the CNS
- influence the secretion of neuroendocrine factors of the HPA axis (ACTH production) |
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Term
What are leukocytes capable of producing?
What will cause them to produce these? |
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Definition
capable of neuropeptide and neurtransmitter production:
- ACTH
- Beta-endorphine
- Enkephalins
Activation of T and B cells wil stimulate leukocytes to make these |
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Term
IL-1, IL-1 6 and TNF work on what part of the brain and what do they cause it to produce?
What does IL1 work on, additionally ? |
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Definition
- CVO = production of prostalandin production
- vegal afferents (brain stem) |
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Term
| what does cortisol release have to do with fight or flight? |
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Definition
- some energy is initially expended to mobilize leukoctyes (via catecholamines)
- as fight or flight becomes necessary, cortisol is released to suppress this mobilization, drive cells into lymph nodes, and maximize available energy for fight or flight. |
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Term
What is the effect of acetyl choline on suppression of the immune system?
How is this carried out? |
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Definition
may turn off NFκB, limiting inflammation
- direct innervation of splenic nerve |
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