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h. Chapter 9 B.F. Skinner
Chapter 9 Quiz (:
84
Psychology
Graduate
10/22/2013

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Term
personality
Definition
Skinner did not adhere to normal _________ theories
Term
Radical Behaviorism
Definition
Skinner believed in an approach in psychology called ____________.
Term
Skinner does not
Definition
____________ beleive in things such as consciousness, the unconciousness, anxiety, and even the idea of the self.
Term
personality
Definition
Skinner rejected the term __________ because it suggested inner causation of behavior
Term
theories
Definition

Skinner believed all _______ to be time consuming and wasteful

 

Term
radical behaviorism
Definition
this was proposed by Watson by which only directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology Reference to all internal events can be and should be avoided.
Term
empty organism
Definition
Skinner advocated a psychology that concentrates only on the relationship between environmental events and overt behavior. For this reason Skinner's approach has been categorized as the  ___________.
Term
functional analysis
Definition
Skinner's approach to research tghat attempted to relate measureable environmental events to measurable behavior and bypass cognitive and physiological processes altogether
Term
personality
Definition
_________ is reduced to what people do under specified circumstances.
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
A stimulus that, at the beginning of training, does not elicit a predictable response from an organism.
Term
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Definition
a stimulus that elicits an automatic, natural, and predictable response from an organism.
Term
unconditioned response(UR)
Definition
the natural and automatic response elicited by the unconditional stimulus.
Term
conditioned response
Definition
response similar to an nconditioned response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus.
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
type of conditioning studied by Ivan Pavlov, and used by Watson as a model for his version of behaviorism.
Term
respondent behavior
Definition
Skinner referred to behavior elicited by a known stimulus as ___________.
Term
Type S conditioning
Definition
This is what Skinner caled Pavlovian or classical conditioning. He did this to stress the importance of the stimulus.
Term
Not, stimulus
Definition
unlike Pavolv and Watson Skinner emphasized behavior that was _______  linked to any known ______.
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior that can not be linked to any known stimulus and therefore appears to be emitted rather than elicited.
Term
type R conditioning
Definition
the conditioning of operant behavior  Skinner used this word to emphasize the importance of the response.
Term
increased
Definition
if the occurrence of an operant is followed by a presentation of a reinforcing stimulus the strength is ______________.
Term
reward, strengthened
Definition
if a response is followed by a ______ then the response will be ____________.
Term
behavior, reinforcer
Definition
to modify behavior, two elements are necessary, these two elements are??
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
according to Skinner, personality is nothing more than consistent behavior patterns that have been strengthened through _________.
Term
acquisition
Definition
that part of operant conditioning in which an operant response is followed by a reinforcer, thereby increasing the rate with which the response occurs.
Term
operant level
Definition
the frequency at which an operant response occurs before the introduction of a reinforcer is called the ________ of that response.
Term
rate of responding
Definition
operant conditioning is measured by this
Term
true
Definition
the radical behaviorist does not believe that one set of learning principles exsists for humans and another set for nonhumans.
Term
shaping
Definition
gradual development of a response that an organism does not normally make.
Term
shape it into existence
Definition
what do we do if the response we want to strengthn is not in the organisms response repertoire?
Term
differential reinforcement, successive approximations
Definition
the shaping precess has two components:
Term
differential reinforcement
Definition
which means that some responses are reinforced and some are not.
Term
successive approximations
Definition
which means the responses that are reinforced are those that are increasingly close to the response ultimately desired.
Term
operant theory
Definition
according to this the best way to teach a complex skill is to divide it into basc components and gradually shape it into existence one small step at a time.
Term
extinction
Definition
when a reinforcer no longer follows a resonse, the frequency with which the response is made returns to the level it was at before the reinforcer was introduced into the situation, and we say that this has occurred.
Term
personality
Definition
extinction can be regarded as the counterpart of acquisition, and the two processes together, according to Skinner, explain much of what we call________.
Term
reinforce, ignore
Definition
________desired behavior, and _______undesired behavior.
Term
punishment
Definition
according to Skinner extinction worked better than??
Term
discriminative operant
Definition
an operant response made under one set of circumstances but not under others.
Term
discriminative stimulus (Sd)
Definition
Cue indicating that if a certain response is made it will be followed by  reinforcement.
Term
stimulus generalizations
Definition
the tendency to emit an operant response in situations similar to the one in which it was originally reinforced is called ________.
Term
skinner box
Definition
small experimental chamber that Skinner invented to study operant conditioning.
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
this is related to survival and include food, water, oxygen, elimination, and sexual activity.
Term
secondary reinforcers
Definition
stimuli that are originally biologically neutral and thus not reinforcing but acquire their reinforcing properties through their association with a primary reinforcer.
Term
generalized reinforcers
Definition
secondary reinforcers that do not depend on a particular motivational state but can depend on many are called _______.
Term
chaining
Definition
situation in which one response beings the organism into contact with stumulu that 1. reinforce that response and 2. stimulate the next response.
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
what holds the entire chain of events together?
Term
language
Definition
for Skinner _________ is just verbal behavior that is goverend by the same principles as any other behavior: reinforced behavior persists; nonreinforced behavior extinguishes.
Term
verbal behavior
Definition
Skinner's term for language
Term
mand
Definition
a verbal command that spcifies its own reinforcer. For example "pass the salt" this is reinforcers when the salt is passed
Term
tact
Definition
is the accurate naming of something. For example if a child says "doll" while playing with a doll he or she will be reinforced.
Term
echoic behavior
Definition
this is when you repeat something verbatim
Term
continuous reinforcement schedule
Definition
if each desirable response is followed by a reinforcement, we say that the organism is on a 100% or _________.
Term
extinction
Definition
we say that the organism is on on a 0% reinforcement schedule will lead to what?
Term
partial reinforcement schedule
Definition
a response that is sometimes followed by a reinforcer and sometimes not followed by a reinforcer is said to be?
Term
fixed interval reinforcement scheduale
Definition
all interval schedules are based on time intervals. an organism is reinforced for a response that is made following a specific time period.
Term
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
Definition
are based on numbers of responses. the organism must make x number of responses before it is reinforced. For example, every fourth response is reinforced.
Term
variable interval reinforcement schedule
Definition
the organism is reinforced at the end of variable time intervals. It is on average every 10 minutes but not always.
Term
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Definition
the organism is reinfoced on the basis of an average number of responses. the reinforcements can be close together or pretty far apart.
Term
partial reinforcement effect
Definition
fact that a partially or intermittently reinforced response will take longer to extinguish than a response on a continuous or 100 % schedule of reinforcement.
Term
contigent reinforcement
Definition
situation in which a certain resonse must be made before a reinforcer is obtained; that is no response, no reinforcer.
Term
superstitious behavior
Definition
behavior that develops under noncontingent reinforcement in which the organism seems to believe that a relationship exsists between its actions and reinforcement, when in fact no such relationship exsists.
Term
noncontingent reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement that occurs regardless f what the animal is doing.
Term
primary positve reinforcer
Definition
positive reinforcer that enhances an organisms survival, for example food.
Term
secondary poitive reinforcer
Definition
positive reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properties through its asociation with a primary positive reinforcer
Term
secondary negative reinforcer
Definition
negative reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properrties through its association with a primary negative reinforcer
Term
primary negative reiforcer
Definition
negative reinforcer that threatens an organisms survival for example pain.
Term
postive reinforcement
Definition
presents the organism with something that it wants
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
removes somethin the organism does not want
Term
escape contingency
Definition
situation in which an organism must respond in a certain way to escape from an aversive stimulus.
Term
increase
Definition
positive and negative reinforcement results in an ________ in response probabilty or in rate or responding.
Term
avoidance contingency
Definition
exsists when engaging in certain behavior prevents an aversive event from occuring.
Term
punishment
Definition
involves either removing a positive reinforcer or presenting a negative reinforcer. in other words this either takes away something an organism wants or gives it somehting it does not want.
Term
time out from reinforcement
Definition
with this technique a child who has engaged in undesirable behavior is denied access, for a preiod of time, to positive reinforcers that are normally available in the situation.
Term
contigency contracting
Definition
agreement between two people that wen one acts in an appropriate way, the other one gives him or her something of value. For example, tell yourself that only if you go to the gym are you allowed to watch an episode of greys anatomy.
Term
contigency management
Definition
purposive manipulationof reinforcement so they encourage desirable behaviors.
Term
external, inner
Definition
as with normal behavior, Skinnerians analysis of abnormal behavior stresses ________, observable events, not __________ causation.
Term
behavior therapy
Definition
approach to treating behavior disorders that is based on any one of several learning theories.
Term
token economies
Definition
certain behaviors are deemed desirable and other behaviors deemed undesirable. when the participants in the economy act in desirable ways they are given plastic disks.
Term
Walden Two
Definition
novel written by Skinner to show how his learning principles could be applied to cultural engineering.
Term
culture
Definition
a set of reinforcement contingencies that encourages certain behaviors and discourages others.
Term
cultural engineering
Definition
use of contigency management in designing a culture.
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