Term
|
Definition
| honest person actively resists temptation through self-control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people who are honest don't need to exert self control. but walk right by the temptation
- Opportunity to lie= 66% correct , sides of DLPRC
- anterior cingulate, control (when refrained from cheating) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No signs of extra work/neural difference (Grace) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less sensitive to rewards in general |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventral striatum (rewards) less engaged for honest people |
|
|
Term
| Lottery effect on happiness |
|
Definition
| 6 months later, not much happier than before |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively unhappy but still reported lives as pretty good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to return to base level of happiness after the occurrence of positive or negative events |
|
|
Term
| Paraplegics more likely to be happy if.... |
|
Definition
| they blamed themselves and thought of accident as something they could have avoided, better coping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower levels of anxiety, especially during mortality salience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes us have more anger and aggression to people who are in other groups or who are unfriendly to us |
|
|
Term
| People with warrior variant MAOA |
|
Definition
Earn money for success on vocab test, confederate takes 20-80% of your winnings, can pay to punish by administering hot souce
- administer more hot souce (MAOA-L) but only after 80% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social and moral response to threats from outsiders |
|
|
Term
| Membership in worldwide religion leads to... |
|
Definition
| more fairness and punishment of unfairness due to market norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- becoming a moral adult was about developing capacities for moral reasoning
- started experiments
- moreal dilemamas (how they justify it)
i.e. saving dying wife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selfish, avoid punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follow rules because you're supposed to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| universal morality transcends law |
|
|
Term
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) |
|
Definition
| retains cognitive function but dramatic personality change, irresponsible wanderer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| integrating emotional responses into decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you don't read off changes in thinking that makes judgment, you read off changes in the ability to justify your arguments in better way |
|
|
Term
| people susceptible to hypnosis are given post-hypnotic suggestion = take or "often" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more likely to disapprove of legalized marriage between first cousins and first cousins having sex |
|
|
Term
| Wash away sins = recall a time you did something unethical |
|
Definition
complete word stems to form words related to cleanliness, chose antiseptic wife over a pencil (2x)
volunteer work (71/41) but not if get to wash hands |
|
|
Term
| Disgust predicts political conservatism (gay marriage, abortion, tax cuts) |
|
Definition
| experiment: if you remind people about the possibility of contamination (put out hand sanitizer) = report more politically conservative attitudes especially when it comes to social issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deantology = respecting rights and duties, good results= secondary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased activity in the parts of the brain that respond emotionally to salient rewards (VMPFC integrates signal into decision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drives the signal when reward is available |
|
|
Term
| VMPFC patients should me more... |
|
Definition
| utilitarian in footbridge (5x) |
|
|
Term
| Boring vs. Chris Farley film |
|
Definition
| Chris Farley film= more likely to push ( works for humor in general but not all positive emotions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| judgements made by emotions |
|
|
Term
| Visual imagery plays a role in triggering the emotional response |
|
Definition
look at people good or bad at visual versus verbal processing (memory)
----> more visual = less utilitarian |
|
|
Term
| give people a visual or verbal load |
|
Definition
| give words = no difference, but give visual cognitive load = more utilitarian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people make utilitarian |
|
|
Term
| Counter-intuitive moral judgement |
|
Definition
| bat and ball, experience this = more utilitarian, better a t this, more utilitarian |
|
|
Term
| what about footbridge makes it worse? |
|
Definition
more personal? switch and trapdoor = more do it
problem: farther, hitting switch versus pushing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| key factor in footbridge dilemma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action= save racing cyclists by pushing cart out of their path and into crowd |
|
Definition
| injuring crowd members, versus save crowd and let the cart kill cyclists |
|
|
Term
| action-omission distinction |
|
Definition
| we are psychologically predisposed to find stronger causal connections between the consequences of an active behavior than between the consequences of a failure to act. |
|
|
Term
| people who draw less of an action/omission distinction |
|
Definition
| show more activity in the cognitive control network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes a big difference in our duty to help others |
|
|
Term
| 3rd grade blue eyes/brown eyes study |
|
Definition
| "inferior" people took longer to get through card pack when they were not superior, couldn't think as well with the collars on |
|
|
Term
| resumes sent to employers (Emily and Greg or Lakisha and Jamal) |
|
Definition
white names got 50% more callbacks for interviews
quality of resume varied = more responsive to resume quality for white names |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doctos are 40% less likely to get sophisticated cardiac tests for women and blacks who complained of chest pain than men and whites |
|
|
Term
| Men with "black" feautures |
|
Definition
| 2x as likely to have gotten death penalty when killed whites (not blacks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nice to own group and mean to others (help our group survive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the process by which individuals are sorted into various social categories
(e.g., women, men, Asian, student, musician, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of ingroup/outgroup behavior |
|
Definition
| cooperation in ingroup to compete with outgroup |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionarily, ingroup cooperation |
|
Definition
| has no use unless it's to compete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social categorization hypothess-- people very easily turn against people, naturally classify and favor our own group |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin and in-group favoritism |
|
Definition
oxytocin increases cooperation, but only in the minimal group
increases defensive aggression against outgroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjects are more likely to ID an ambiguous behavior as hostile if they have been primed with words related to black stereotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit stereotyping when they report their impressions of black people. Maybe see world in the same way as high prejudice but go out of their way to control it |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral measure of implicit racism |
|
Definition
| IAT (Implicit Association Test) |
|
|
Term
| Automatic and Controlled processing of faces and races= 30 ms B/W faces, then something else, brain responses to superliminal presentation |
|
Definition
IAT correlated with level of amygdala activity for subliminal black
- less activity in superliminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hard to erase sex and gender, but maybe we can redraw coalitional lines in a way that makes race disappear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Impulsive, irritability, antisocial behavior,.
= impulsive, irritability, incapacity of judgement, exaggeration of sentiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncovers conscious desires, produces intellectual retardation, unveils destructiveness, exaggerates emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radio broadcast, aliens, people thought it was real, minimal damage |
|
|
Term
| Crowd dynamics: CELII WIS |
|
Definition
| coordination of attention, energizing individuals, loss of individual inhibitions, wisdom of crowds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fair number of people do, past 3-4 all it takes, 4-15 doesn't matter much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crowds participate in organized social behavior (one way or the other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can find food and avoid predators even though individuals may not know where the food is, info gets averaged across school and transmitted to individuals |
|
|
Term
| Music Downloading experiment : different worlds, same conditions, sample and download in 9 worlds |
|
Definition
independent world = no one knows whtat other people have downloaded
- Benchmark liking independent of includence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can see what others downloaded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes it okay to push the guy off bridge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did not have that much effect on footbridge experiment |
|
|
Term
| how well a product does has to do with.... |
|
Definition
| chance and cultural dynamics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| f a resource is held in common for use by all, then ultimately that resource will be destroyed. "Freedom in a common brings ruin to all." To avoid the ultimate destruction, we must change our human values and ideas of morality. |
|
|
Term
| people in different cities played repeated public goods game (multi-person prisoners dilemma) |
|
Definition
people could punish defectors, lots of cooperation in some cities but not others,
Key: expectations + prosocial vs. anti social punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| market integration and cooperation |
|
|
Term
| Energizing of individuals |
|
Definition
| mere presence = increased arousal/drive |
|
|
Term
| example of synchronized groups |
|
Definition
| reported more team feeling, perceived similarity and trust but not feeling happier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| punishing people for being cooperative |
|
|
Term
| influence of cooperation on singing/moving |
|
Definition
if singing and moving around together = cooperative
anachronous singing and moving = not as cooperative |
|
|
Term
| Synchronization and terrorism |
|
Definition
prayer unrelated to support for suicide attacks
-- support predicted by attendance at religious services |
|
|
Term
| Loss of individual inhibitions --> suicide example |
|
Definition
| majority of times when there was a corwd in front of people thinking about jumping, the taunting behavior is the norm and not the exception |
|
|
Term
| Dark room experiment with college students |
|
Definition
Come in and go in a dark room together, anonymous entry and exit, never identified, can't see.
80% aroused sexually, 20% tried to stop this stuff from happening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of taking into account the collective opinion of a group of individuals rather than a single expert to answer a question. |
|
|
Term
| Crowds influence on intelligence |
|
Definition
| intelligent under the right circumstances, average guess was much better than guesses of each individual (M&Ms example) |
|
|
Term
| Example of wisdom of the crowds in "Who wants to be a millionaire" |
|
Definition
smart friend = right 65%
crowd= right 91%
even though smart friend is smarter than average of the crowd |
|
|
Term
Reason why wisdom of the crowds is effective
DIAL N |
|
Definition
1, Diverse = many different opinions
2. Independence = if everyone influences someone else
3. Aggregation of independent judgements = good signal
4. Large and not biased = more accurate as crowd, no matter how far off people are
5. Noise = distance from middle, disappears with averaging
***NOT what happens with a real, physical crowd or online |
|
|
Term
| Secular institutions and trust |
|
Definition
atheists are widely distrusted, reminding people of police effectiveness reduces distrust of atheists,
- this is not a general effect on trust, has no effect trust of gays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if there are voices in the head with different judgments, you can get a better judgment out of someone by treating them like a crowd |
|
|
Term
| Crowds in the mind example: What % of world airports are in US, ? |
|
Definition
| Ask again, average of 2 guesses better than individual guesses (1st tends to be better than 2nd)= even better effect if separated by 3 weeks (versus immediate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find patterns when there aren't |
|
|
Term
| Power of coincidence, safer to: |
|
Definition
| want to be biased in favor of seeing a pattern (more harmful to miss a pattern than it is there than find a pattern that is not) |
|
|
Term
| Warshak test (inkblot test) |
|
Definition
| not good for diagnosing mental illnesses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if hot hand is real, there should be times when you are statistically more likely to make a shot after having missed it |
|
|
Term
| Bball players are statistically more likely to: |
|
Definition
| make shot after missing, but varies from player to player, generally no effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
want people to like you, critical of self, internally not confident = whichever you read you probably say yeah, that seems kind of like me!
subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in statements that could apply to many people. |
|
|
Term
| self-perception theory D::D:D:D:D::D |
|
Definition
individuals come to know their own attitudes emotions and other internal states partly by inferring them
Bem's interpersonal stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cohen found that $.50 for counterattiduinal essay writing led to more agreement with essay thatn $5 paying more did not change attitudes |
|
|
Term
| self-perception reinterpretation |
|
Definition
$5 is strong demand of circumstances for essay wrtiing, so attitude in favor of essay must be weak
$.50 is weak demand, so attitude in favor of essay must be strong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
given at about the same time when kids with autism first show symptoms
- many parents think vaccine is the cause (fine before shot)
- medical: no evidence of a link, fraud
- many still refuse vaccination |
|
|
Term
| experiment Zanna & Cooper |
|
Definition
| taking a supposedly relaxing pill increases dissonance related attitude change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
we want to believe everything that's true and reject everything that's false
1. Discovery= seek truth
2. Skepticism = avoid error
3. Refuse to believe anything = motivationally paralyzed
4. negative automatic and controlled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| answering question based on examples that tend to come to mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embellished, make yourself seem closer to the incident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when ambiguous, find what we are looking for
- stronger if you see it one way
- death penalty got more polarized |
|
|
Term
| Biased assimilation of evidence leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding more mild pain at the end made the whole colonoscopy seem better and made people more likely to say they would repeat the procedure |
|
|
Term
| Politicians example for peak-end rule |
|
Definition
| matters much what happens at end for incumbent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be biased based on whether we are a perceiver or an observer |
|
|
Term
| structural powerlessness hypothesis: |
|
Definition
| women in all cultures are dennied access to power and resources , one way to get them is by marrying a man with resources |
|
|
Term
| Influence of media: road fatalities vs. flying fatalities |
|
Definition
| 1500 die in additional road fatalities (more dangerous to drive than to fly, more people die in car accidents avoiding flying) |
|
|
Term
| Eagly and wood: structural powerlessness hypothesis |
|
Definition
| in society with more gender equality, women care less about male earning power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underestimated, opposite of sticky memes= natural |
|
|
Term
| Education doesn't always help us make a better opinion |
|
Definition
| i.e. for global warming, the stronger you are the better you have become at defending the beliefs of your own group |
|
|
Term
| when men are hungry they rate ... |
|
Definition
| heavier women more attractive |
|
|
Term
| men who are reminded that they have no money in pockets |
|
Definition
prefer heavier women
no effect women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flying saucer, once idea was out there as something that could be true, it fed on itself (the more reports, the more accessible, the more who thik it is. as long as it's accessible, it continues) |
|
|
Term
| religion as a functional device: |
|
Definition
| for organizing people and society that may involve some false beliefs as a result |
|
|
Term
| example of a Jesus figure on the wall ? |
|
Definition
| believe the skeptical man was right, but we like the lady who believes mroe |
|
|
Term
| non-religious people view on religion |
|
Definition
| think of religionas believing in supernatural things |
|
|
Term
| Influence of prayer in surgeries |
|
Definition
| prayer did not reduce freqency of post-operative complications, but knowledge of prayer increased frequency of complications , BUT people who believe in the power of prayer do not reduce beliefs after this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people listening to script about experience, resemble PTSD, it's real for them, more skin conductance, heart rate, visceral response, not just making it up |
|
|
Term
| Semantic priming/activation |
|
Definition
direct semantic priming= spoon--> fork
indirect : lion --> stripes ESP (extrasensory perception) belief , more of this effect, lower inhibition for thoughts spreading to brain |
|
|
Term
| Gilbert you can't believe everything you read |
|
Definition
- have people read statements describing a crime, told black is true and red is false, counterbalance colors
- load condition= pres key whenever 5 digits appear in a string
- if something is presented as true and the question is if they recalled it as true = load does not make a large difference (asymmetry)
- if under load, more likely to have something presented as false and think it's true |
|
|
Term
| once default is to believe things, requires an extra step to un-believe it |
|
Definition
- evolved from creatures who got info from senses
- we got language as a useful communication device, but then the brin gets susceptible to many false things, hearing is NOT believing
- used to not need a firewall, now constantly bombarded with info and about people providing it are not necessarily on our side
- primitive brains that have not yet caught up to the language revolution
- we have the ability to use and spread info via language, but we have a bad firewall, so we have to work very hard to be critical and unbelieve all the stuff we hear about |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive vs. injunctive norms |
|
Definition
descriptive= specify what most people do
injunctive= concerned with what people feel is right based on morals or beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are second order that describe first order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Kelley’s covariation model is an attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way. It is concerned with both social perception and self-perception
The covariation principle states that, "an effect is attributed to the one of its possible causes with which, over time, it covaries" (Kelley, 1973:108) That is, a certain behavior is attributed to potential causes that appear at the same time. |
|
|
Term
| Bem's self-perception theory |
|
Definition
| asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment, how positive and negative events in the environment are associated w/specific behavior; behaviorists ignored cognition, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way (gestalt, the whole) in which an object appears in people's minds rather than objective, physical attributes of the object |
|
|
Term
| Liars lying and influence in brain |
|
Definition
| increased activitiy in the control network (DLPFC) when the dihonest subjects claimed rewards for predicting accurately, lying means a little more work, top down thinking done by DLPFC (effortful thinking like doing math problems) |
|
|
Term
| suffering and self-justification |
|
Definition
to justify having done something foolish (i.e. gone
through hazing), we may distort our interpretation of the experience and end up
‘loving’ the event/person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how people think about themselves and the social world (how
people select, interpret, remember, and use social info to make judgments and
decisions) |
|
|
Term
| Ceral example: what's natural is "good" |
|
Definition
(i.)
if told to choose btw Lucky Charms and 100% Natural
from Quaker based on ‘which one is better for you’, most people would
choose 100% Natural from Quaker b/c natural means ‘good for you’,
there’s a picture of raw wheat on its cover etc. This is a cognitive trap
(generalizing from the cover to the product). A look at the ingredients
shows that while Lucky Charms has more sugar, 100% Natural has far
more fat (and is overall ranked as a less healthy choice than Lucky
Charms). |
|
|
Term
(i.)
Self-fulfilling prophecy: |
|
Definition
(i.)
teachers are told that certain students are
‘bloomers’ based on some scores. At the end of the year, these students
are performing at the top of their class as a result of receiving preferential
treatment from teachers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people
have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Someone is rude to you: why? |
|
Definition
This person is mean, racist, competitive, etc. ---person explanations
ii. This person was in a hurry, or misheard, or I remind them of someone bad
---situation explanations |
|
|
Term
| Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996) |
|
Definition
i. Participants unscramble sets of 5 words into 4 years. Use old-age
stereotype words to prime and see how long it takes the people to walk to
the elevator. Takes an extra second if you were primed than if not. |
|
|
Term
Dijkersterhuis &van Knippenberg (1998) – the relation between perception and
behavior. |
|
Definition
i. Write about football hoolagins and then play trivial pursuit. The longer
they were made to think about hoolagins the worse they did. |
|
|
Term
| Rozin – people know things are safe, but they’re still icky. |
|
Definition
Throwing darts – people were less accurate at throwing darts toward the
picture of an attractive person opposed to throwing at a person they hate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
65% of particpants gavve 450 volt shock,
80% gave shocks even after learner screamed about his heart condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar behavior of others made the action seem
appropriate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wanting to avoid rejection by others for not partaking in
action |
|
|
Term
| Self-justification in Milgram's experiment |
|
Definition
Initial agreement to administer first shock creates internal pressure to
continue to obey in order to reduce dissonance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “I gave him 200 volts, and 215 isn’t that much more…” |
|
|
Term
| loss of personal responsibility in Milgram's experiment |
|
Definition
Dehumanization of those people feel obligated to harm
Example of firing squad members in prison – many convince themselves
that murderers are horrible beings who have lost the right to live
“Just following orders” is easier to cope with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Do This!
- better for people who are less educated
- better when you have very little time to read the message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
you may think this but,
- better for people with higher educaiton
- better when you have more time to read the message |
|
|
Term
| Where do attitudes come from? |
|
Definition
o Looking at correlations of MZ twins reared apart, you can see that many of them
share similar beliefs on the death-penalty, pre-marital sex, etc
0 = No Correlation
1 = Perfect Correlation
Ex: .62 means that 62% of the variability is accountable by the genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The more you are exposed to something, the more you develop a positive
attitude towards it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zajonc (1986) – Black Bag in classroom at Oregon State. |
|
Definition
| over time, students liked the bag more and more, became class mascot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| you prefer your own face reversed but other's faces normal because that's what you're used to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UCS (meat powder) --> UCR (salivation) Conditioned stimulus (bell, light) -- Conditioned response (salivation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difference between how much reward you expect and how much you get
- if you expect nothing, and get reward:big spike
- if you expect a reward and get it: steady
- if you expect a reward and don't get it: dip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairing of the stimulus with the UCS that naturally produces that attitude |
|
|
Term
| Higher order conditioning |
|
Definition
| pairing of the stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus that has an acquired attitudinal response before prior conditioning, paring the showck with a loud ring so that when you hear that ring you also develop a negative attitude |
|
|
Term
| Zaana: two shock conditions, light-on, dark- off, OR light- off, dark- on |
|
Definition
rest period in which participants could read a boring magazine or participate in another study
- other study (seemingly unrelated) asked you to rate the decisions a museum curator made. Two paintings one is light and colorful, other dark and strong.
RESULTS: those shocked in light preferred dark piece, shocked in dark preferred light painting |
|
|
Term
| Krosnick et al, nine photos of target person with each photo being preceded by 13 millisecond flash of negative or positive UCS |
|
Definition
| implicit associations! target person was perceived as friendly if preceding picture was cute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equally quick to learn an association between snake and danger and flower and danger, however it's much harder to extinguish the association with the snake than it is with the flower |
|
|
Term
| Arm extension and flexion: states of body play key roles in cognition |
|
Definition
You prefer muscle movements that show closeness or moving towards
(approaching behavior) as opposed to moving away (which activates
avoidance behavior.) Seeing this can affect the way you interpret
something random - such as how pleasing a certain Chinese character is to
you. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
brand recognition
dopamine system
when brand was cued (coke)- VMPFC, DPFC and hippocampus lit up |
|
|
Term
| example of cognitive dissonance with horse |
|
Definition
Before people placed bets on Mr Ed ppl think he is a fair horse but not
great. After they place bets, they are in dissonance state and think that his
chances of winning are higher just because they bet on him. They resolve
the dissonance by saying that he must be a little bit better of a horse. You
change your belief to match your actions. |
|
|
Term
| Induced compliance, Festinger and Carlsmith |
|
Definition
The people who were paid less money to stay after and tell next person
about the task said they enjoyed doing the original task more than people
who were paid more. Cognitive dissonance theory: the subject says gosh,
I just lied to this person and told this person that the task was fun for only
a dollar. I must have actually liked this. Those who got paid $20 did not
have to relieve the dissonance from lying because they thought well yeah I
lied cuz I got paid $20. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the idea that when people make sacrifices to pursue a goal, the effort is often rationalized by elevating the attractiveness of the goal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
you think smoking is cool. But then the surgeon general tells you that
it can cause a whole bunch of problems. Then you see that it can be less cool. Then you see the effects of it on people and think it’s even less cool. Then you get socially isolated and have to smoke outside. Smoking can cause death. Now smoking isn’t so appealing. So this can cause dissonance. There are so many bad affects but you like smoking. So what do you do to relieve it? |
|
|
Term
| the effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group |
|
Definition
Those who had to read the obscene words reported liking the group much more than those who only had mild or no initiation. Putting forth that effort made them think that membership in the group was more valuable than they would think otherwise.
ii. Closer to home: fraternities, sororities, final clubs, military indoctrination, grad school, law school, medical school |
|
|
Term
| Insufficient deterrence robot study |
|
Definition
Don’tplaywiththerobot
i. No temptation – high attraction
ii. Severe threat – high attraction
iii. Mild threat – low attraction
c. Mild threat group found the robot less attractive. Dissonance idea: well I was only given this light warning, but I didn’t play with it so I must not really like it that much. |
|
|
Term
| Comer and Laird : choosing to suffer as a consequence of expecting to suffer |
|
Definition
Participants told that they were going to eat a worm and then had
them do irrelevant distracting stuff and then asked them a bunch of
questions about their self esteem.
ii. Then asked them how they felt about eating the worm?
iii. Then they said now it’s worm time, but there is an alternative task you can do that would involve getting a bunch of shocks.
iv. Three groups: higher self esteem, lower self esteem, positive attitude toward act
v. First two groups chose to eat the worm – they built up the positive attitude towards eating the worm |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of crowd effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do amnesics exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction? |
|
Definition
Patients shown different art prints and had to rate the posters. Then there
is a selection process – ppl chose to keep one poster. Then they rate the poster after choosing it but they don’t remember choosing it because they have anterograde amnesia. They still show the dissonance effect – if they
chose starry night painting over the flowers, they boost the ranking of
starry night. Same is true if they chose the other painting.
d. Thisiswildbecauseitsuggeststhatcognitivedissonanceisn’treally
about rationalization. These people are not rationalizing their decisions
since they don’t even remember their decisions. |
|
|
Term
| cognitive dissonance in rats |
|
Definition
Partial reinforcement extinction effect
• rat starts in box and runs down alley way to get a reward, if you consistently put a reward there how long will it take to extinct the reward seeking behavior? The rat very quickly learns not to do it anymore. HOWEVER, if the reward is variable it learns that it needs to persist in going there. Partial reinforcement- well there’s no cheese there, so they change their attitude to going down the alleyway. What if we raise the reward box? If the rat works harder to get to the cheese then that will make the dissonance effects stronger. The partial reinforcement effect got bigger. The more the rat is willing to keep going up the hill. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect of the severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior |
|
|
Term
| Ben and self perception theory |
|
Definition
Individually is in same position as outside observer, same theory as Russell and Ryle
o Internal states are inferences from behavior
o You don’t know more about yourself than others know about you |
|
|
Term
| Dissonance vs. self-perception |
|
Definition
Dissonance theory argues that attitudes change to reflect conflict between old
attitude and behavior
o Self-perception theory argues that attitudes are formed after actions, and are a
reflection of what attitude fits in with those actions |
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation |
|
Definition
tested the amount of time children spent playing
with markers, the independent variable being whether they got a reward, got no reward, or were told they were going to get a reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree that you think your thoughts caused your actions, conscious will signals that you caused the action |
|
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Term
|
Definition
if thought of action precedes it at the right interval, the person
will think they caused the action |
|
|
Term
| Botvinick and Cohen, 1998 hand experiment |
|
Definition
| rubber hand positioned over real hand; when it is at the right angle, and when they are brushed with a feather at the same time, subject will think the rubber arm is his. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
desire to engage in activity because of enjoyment, not because of
external pressures/rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
desire to engage because of external rewards, not because of
enjoyment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to view behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons. |
|
|
Term
| Rewards will only undermine interest if |
|
Definition
| interest was initially high |
|
|
Term
| Task contingent rewards (given for performing task) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| performance contingent rewards |
|
Definition
| given for doing something well, is less likely to decrease interest and can at times increase interest becuase it makes people think they're good at doing the task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction, aggression, self-protective response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction, ingestion, tells you do more of this i.e. food, sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orientation you find out what happened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognition of deprivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rejection, get things out of body |
|
|
Term
| physical pain vs. social pain, study of rejection |
|
Definition
3 Cyberballers playing together- brain imaging is recorded
2 confederates then play with just each other and leave the subject out
Explicit exclusion
Angular cingular cortex- lights up when pain is experienced, along with social pain (exclusion). Older part of the brain, serves similar functions in rats
- pain of separation- taking out this area in hamster mothers, they do not
feel anxious when their offspring are taken from them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lights up when pain is experienced, along with social pain (exclusion) |
|
|
Term
| facial expressions while bowling |
|
Definition
People have zero facial expressions when they are facing the pins, their faces don’t form an expression until they turn to the group- it is not automatic due to
the environment, yet it is a not a conscious decision. It is a spontaneous, natural thing to do in result of the event and the social context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
insula lights up differently particularly to negative tastes and smells,
- patients who have brain damage in this area have difficulty distinguishing disgust from other emotions |
|
|
Term
| Cross-cultural studies of facial expression |
|
Definition
6 basic expressions: fear, disgust, anger, joy, sadness, surprise
Traveled to New Guinea, showed them pictures of westerners and had them guess
what the pictured subjects were experiencing. They correctly identified the emotions. He then took pictures of them making expressions based on certain emotions, people back in the west were able to recognize which expressions were being portrayed.
Observers from 5 cultures agree strongly on meaning of facial expressions in photos
Cultures not exposed to outsiders show no “new” expressions- not completely true, there are some displays that are culturally specific
Cultures do very in “display rules”- Japanese women cover their face when they laugh but western women don’t |
|
|
Term
| Automatic and controlled expressions, mechanism of human facial expression |
|
Definition
Duchenne de Boulogne (1862): the Mechanism of Human facial Expression
Worked with people who could not make face expressions, used electricity to stimulate the face and create facial expressions
Stimulating the mouth is not enough to illicit a convincing smile, the eyes are also necessary of conveying a “happy smile” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Morphology (e.g., non-Duchenne)
Asymmetry
Duration (under. 5s or over 5s)- likely to be fake
Abrupt onset
Stepped or jagged offset
Microexpressions- little twitches of the facial muscles, most people can’t
consciously detect, some can |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic division fight or flight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to feeling of disgust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respons to things that make you afraid, responds more to emotional faces in people with short version of 5HTT gene |
|
|
Term
| Schacter & Singer (1962)- gave subjects an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline), disguised as “suproxin,” (some where told that this was for arousal others were not told this) or they got a placebo injection |
|
Definition
They then had to fill out the questionnaire- some questions were boring, some where normal, others were offensive
A confederate either acts euphoric or aggressive
Participants who got the epinephrine but did not know it was a shot of arousal reported feeling happy with the euphoric confederate and angry with the aggressive confederate
People who had been told they were given arousal showed no comparable effec |
|
|
Term
| Dutton & Aron- Bridge experiment- attractive woman standing at the end of a bridge (one was wobbly, one was stable), |
|
Definition
| the guys getting off the wobbly bridge are really aroused and misattribute this arousal to the encounter with the female and so they are 5x more likely to make the call |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could
have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occurred.
i. Experienced much in social psychology experiments
ii. After the event, the outcome seems predictable and inevitable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of research using the observational method that attempts
to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have
i. Chief method of research for cultural anthropology
ii. Used by Festinger with Doomsday Midwesterners & their spaceship
theory
iii. Key is to avoid as much as possible imposing one’s preconceived
notions in order to understand the point of view of the people being studied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to
other situations and to other people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a researcher controls all extraneous variables and the only variable influencing the results of a study is the one being manipulated by the researcher. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emotional reactions toward object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thoughts and beliefs about object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actions or observable behaviors toward object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciously endorse them, can easily report our attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary, uncontrollable and unconscious attitudes we hold |
|
|
Term
| Central route of persuasion |
|
Definition
| when people have the time and motivation to listen carefully to arguments, they are likely to be persuaded by facts and logical arguments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people do not have the time or motivation to listen carefully to arguments, they are more likely to be persuaded by things peripheral to the message itself (who delivers message, how long it is, other peripheral cues), this results in more long-lasting change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heuristic systematic model of persuasion, people follow their emotions as a signal about their attitude towards something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by initially exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position (like pros and cons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a commercial product is incorporated into a movie/show, a form of advertising that increases sales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when people feel that their freedom is threatened, they actually perform the threatened behavior more (eg: police car monitoring highway speeds), the stronger the prohibitions the stronger the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when attitudes are easily associated in an individual’s mind, he
will quickly respond to the attitude and be able to easily report on his feelings (help
predict spontaneous behaviors) |
|
|
Term
| theory of planned behavior |
|
Definition
when time is not a pressure on making a decision, the best
predictors of a person’s deliberate behavior are the person’s intentions (subjective norma,
attitudes, perceived control) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when time is not a pressure on making a decision, the best
predictors of a person’s deliberate behavior are the person’s intentions (subjective norma,
attitudes, perceived control) |
|
|
Term
| Cognitively based attitude |
|
Definition
| based on people's beliefs or properties of an object |
|
|
Term
| affectively based attitude |
|
Definition
| based on people's feelings about an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea of reduce dissonance within oneself by affirming one’s competence on some dimension unrelated to the threat. Ex. “Yes, it is not very smart of me to be smoking, but, you know, I’m really a very good mathematician.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overestimate the intensity and duration of their negative emotional reactions. Ex. people overestimate how dreadful they will feel following a romantic breakup or losing a job. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
following a decision, to reduce dissonance we change the way we feel about the chosen and unchosen alternatives, cognitively spreading
apart in our own minds in order to make ourselves feel better about the choice we
made
• The more important the decision, the greater the dissonance. As the result, the
more permanent and less revocable the decision, the greater the need to reduce
dissonance Ex. gambling on racetrack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strategy whereby a salesperson induces a customer to agree to
purchase a product at a very low cost, subsequently claims it was an eeor, and then raises the price; frequently the customer will just buy the product at the inflated price. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for
something they have worked hard to attain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reason or explanation for dissonant personal behavior that resides outside the individual (e.g. in order to receive a large reward or avoid a severe punishment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce dissonance by changing something about your self (e.g. your attitude or behavior) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient
external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually
resulting in individuals’ devaluing the forbidden activity or object.
- The less severe you make the threat, the less external justification there is; the less
external justification, the greater the need for internal justification. The child can reduce his dissonance by convincing himself that he doesn’t really want to beat up his brother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blend of different emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are particular to each culture and dictate what kinds of emotional expressions
people are supposed to show |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (gestures with well-understood definitions) are not universal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decoding and encoding emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| based on Egly's social role theory , discrepancy of men/women because of gender role expectations |
|
Definition
Women are supposed to be more polite, so are more focused on emotion than
deception
o Men are more powerful in many societies, so it is imperative that they recognize
deception |
|
|
Term
| Schachter and Singer's two factor theory of emotion |
|
Definition
| states that people's experience of emotion depends on physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
argues that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain, we
infer them by observing our behavior and the situation it occurs in |
|
|
Term
| appraisal theory of emtotion |
|
Definition
| emotion results from people’s interpretations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal DIFFERENT from Schachter's theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
How people think about the social world, or more specifically, how people select,
interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Useful in filling in gaps of knowledge • Help to reduce ambiguity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgments about the social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema,
trait, or concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The case whereby have an expectation about what another person is like, which
influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people’s original expectations, making the expectations come true
• Ex: Teachers believe males are smarter, males do better academically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population o Ex: the percentage of students at New York State universities who are from New York |
|
|
Term
| anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
|
Definition
A mental shortcut whereby people use a number or value as a starting point and then
adjust insufficiently from this anchor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget |
|
|
Term
| Gilbert's theory of automatic believing |
|
Definition
People believe everything they initially hear and see
o Assess whether it is really true and “unaccept” if necessary
o The assessment takes time and effort; therefore if people are tired or preoccupied, they
are more likely to believe false information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments |
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