Term
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Definition
| The ability to respond to the demands of the environment. Includes the processes of assimilation and accommodation. |
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Term
| Adolescent-limited delinquency |
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Definition
| Delinquency or a crime pathway that stops after an individual grows out of adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the life-course perspective, changes in roles as they are taken up and discarded in the passage from one age group to the next over the course of an individual’s lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biochemical, cell, organ, and physiological systems that represent the material substance of a person. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people of about the same age, born around the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| The changes in behavior influenced by being a member of a cohort or being born in a particular period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decisive point produced by stress or other types of biopsychosocial demands of life that lead to positive or negative outcomes. |
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Term
| For Erikson, a crisis is ________________ . |
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Definition
| For Erikson, a crisis was considered a challenge or turning point at which there are opportunities for individuals to choose between polarities associated with key developmental tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory for intervention in the crises of people who are having difficulties coping with various stressors and other demands of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| The values, principles, beliefs, and behaviors that allow professionals to practice effectively cross-culturally. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important issue in the life-course tradition that focuses on the way in which behavior at one point in life has con-sequences that increase the likelihood of continued behavior. For instance, being labeled a troublemaker early in life may prevent a youth from associating with good kids and increase the likelihood of continued delinquency. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the multidimensional integrative approach, assessing how biological, psychological, and social systems influence current states of affairs. |
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Term
| Developmental perspectiveI |
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Definition
| In the multidimensional approach, assessment of how the dimensions interact in leading up to the current state of affairs or developmental outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| This form of coping focuses on psychological and emotional responses to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The various paths followed by people in their social environment—such as work, intimacy and education. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of science that deals with understanding causes of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any theory supporting the hypothesis, from early developmental theory, that change tends to contract over time. |
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Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| A series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress that occur in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
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Term
| Inhibiting and promoting environments |
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Definition
| Contexts assessed in terms of the adequacy of resources for developing appropriate competencies. Inhibiting environments are contexts with inadequate re-sources that create conditions that undermine development; promoting environments have adequate resources to promote appropriate developmental competencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concept and a perspective for looking at developmental issues that takes into account macro contributions to developmental outcomes. |
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Term
| Life-course-persistent delinquency |
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Definition
| Delinquency that continues after adolescence into adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors that, when present, weaken the influence of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The myth that someday, after hard work and survived crises, life will be what we always wanted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Events or experiences unique to the individual; not the norm, or not predictable. |
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Term
| Normative age-graded influences |
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Definition
| Predictable experiences that happen universally and are closely tied to age. |
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Term
| Normative history-graded influences |
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Definition
| Experiences shared by people because they are alive during a particular period. |
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Term
| Person-in-environment (PIE) system |
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Definition
| A system for assessing problems in social functioning, developed by Karls and Wandrei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeks to stop a problem or situation from occurring in the first place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies that seek to deal directly with the source of stress. |
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Term
Delinquency that continues after adolescence into adulthood.
Moderating factors
Factors that, when present, weaken the influence of stress.
Myth of arrival
The myth that someday, after hard work and survived crises, life will be what we always wanted.
Non-normative events
Events or experiences unique to the individual; not the norm, or not predictable.
Normative age-graded influences
Predictable experiences that happen universally and are closely tied to age.
Normative history-graded influences
Experiences shared by people because they are alive during a particular period.
Person-in-environment (PIE) system
A system for assessing problems in social functioning, developed by Karls and Wandrei.
Primary Prevention
Seeks to stop a problem or situation from occurring in the first place.
Problem-focused coping
Strategies that seek to deal directly with the source of stress.
Problems of living |
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Definition
| Involve the normal difficulties of everyday life, such as losing a job, undergoing a divorce, or fearing rejection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The systems that contribute to the organization and direction of an individual’s mental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aims to intervene as early as possible in a problem situation, before it becomes severe or persistent. |
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Term
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Definition
| An assumption in delinquency theory that individuals tend to select experiences that are consistent with internal traits or dispositions established early in life. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the expectations, motives, and incentives that place limits on behavior and that are constructed by other people who live in a person’s social world. |
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Term
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Definition
| All the factors influencing the performance of roles that enable individuals to achieve a reasonable degree of fulfillment and to function as productive and contributing members of society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Role based on a set of rules indicating the expectations or duties to be performed by a member occupying a given position in a social group. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to assessing people by focusing on strengths and capacities rather than identifying only deficits, disabilities, and/or problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition that occurs when a challenge or a threat in the environment forces a person to adjust or adapt. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction of the complications or negative consequences of a problem situation by preventing handicaps or impairments that are its known consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific path or line of development followed by a person to a specific life outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-term state changes that are marked by life events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in direction in the life course; alters the probability of a trajectory toward a specific life destination. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of science that deals with understanding causes of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a pair of genes for a specific trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of maintaining stability through change. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cumulative cost to the body of allostasis; allostatic overload is a state in which serious pathophysiology can occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nitrogen-containing organic compounds that serve as the units of structure associated with proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A coronary condition involving pain and tightness in the chest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long fibers that carry impulses from the cell body of a neuron to other cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which people inherit general pathways that constrain their growth and developmental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormalities or defects caused by errors in an entire chromosome or part of a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious disease of the exocrine gland that causes secretion of excess, thick body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| The branched fibers on the cell body that bring messages to the cell body of the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| The refinement or improvement of body components. |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of the blood’s flow during the relaxation of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that is always expressed for a trait, in paired genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder, characterized by mental retardation, that is associated with the presence of three chromosomes, rather than a pair, for chromosome 21. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An infection or other factor that damages the heart’s valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances in the brain that are related to feeling good. |
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Term
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Definition
| A serious form of mental retardation that is identified in karyotype studies by a constriction at the end of the long arm of the X chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the brain that participates in body movements, thinking, feeling, imagining, and making decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual genes an individual carries for a specific trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supporting cells that make up the bulk of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas of the nervous system with a high density of cell bodies and dendrites with few myelinated axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technical term that refers to the addition of new biophysical components, such as new cells or an increase in body size. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that is due to a defective gene on the X chromosome that causes a deficiency in the blood coagulation factor VIII. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder involving a dominant autosomal gene and characterized by progressive chorea (purposeless motions) and the eventual development of dementia (mental deterioration). |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of growth that involves an increase in the number of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of growth in which increases are observed in the size of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a male is born with an extra X chromosome (XXY). |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder that involves a gene on the X chromosome and is characterized by mental retardation, spasticity, and self-mutilation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Meiosis-The process of cell division that creates the sex cells. MitosisThe cellular process in which a body cell reproduces itself by dividing and producing two new daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of nonacidic neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental disorders caused by multiple genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random events that distort key characteristics in an organism’s growth and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of coating the nerve cells with myelin, a substance that forms around neurons and acts as insulation, allowing faster and more efficient transmission of nerve impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The condition in which insufficient oxygen is directed to the heart’s muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An infection or other factor that damages the heart’s muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cells in the nervous system involved in conveying information from one cell to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that are synthesized inside the neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of brain located below the parietal lobe and involved in the receiving and sending of visual information. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The branch of the nervous system that counteracts the activities of the sympathetic nervous system and conserves body resources. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the brain that is primarily involved in the process of integrating sensory information. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The thin sac that encloses the heart. |
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| All those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The trait expressed by genes in the individual. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The stage in brain development when neurons are produced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any organic compound that has a large combination of amino acids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The category of chemicals that includes adenosine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gene that is not expressed in a trait unless paired with a similar or homozygous gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited dysfunctions or defects that result from dominant, recessive, or X chromosome - linked genes. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| The branch of the nervous system that mobilizes the body for emergencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between any two neurons or between a neuron and another cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the heart when it is constricting and pumping blood out and through the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive mental and physical retardation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the brain involved in emotions and human motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of purposeless tissue caused by cell growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which a female is born with only one X chromosome (X0). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to recognize the meaning of symbols. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cognitive process of modifying existing cognitive schema to allow for the admission of new information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to respond to the demands of the environment. Includes the processes of assimilation and accommodation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person’s instant emotional state. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cognitive process of consolidating of new information into existing knowledge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the oldest constructs in psychology. It involves the formation of mental associations that are registered or stored in the mind. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to focus on a specific stimulus without distraction by irrelevant stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| A learned evaluative response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Our subjective estimate of how likely we are to engage in a specific behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| In social psychology, information about objects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The strengthening of an association between a stimulus and a response through the presentation of a second stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Obtaining, organizing, and utilizing sensory and perceptual information from activities such as plans and strategies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s ability to sustain inner mental operations without disruption. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, a component of the superego that causes guilt when its standards are not met; involves internalized mental representations of conduct that are subject to punishment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Awareness of internal and external stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associations made because two events occur together in time or space. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that all information needed to interpret sensory input is contained in the sensations themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The experience of significant deviations in an individual’s levels of awareness of time, place, and person. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the executive branch of one’s personality that makes rational decisions. |
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Term
| Ego psychology (self theory) |
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Definition
| Unlike dynamic psychology, ego psychology focuses on the contributions of the ego or self in determining all aspects of human behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, the mental representation of conduct that is positively valued by the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view that the information we receive through our senses is formless and we must augment this information to make sense of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biological blueprint that dictates how an organism grows and reaches maturity. |
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Term
| Immediate memory, Long-term memory, Explicit memory, and Implicit memory |
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Definition
Immediate memory
Information retained for up to 10 seconds.
Explicit memory
A memory of an event that occurred in the distant or immediate past.
Implicit memory
A memory that a person does not know exists and that is retrieved unconsciously.
Long-term memory
Retention of information for days to months. |
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Term
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Definition
| An excessive focus on outward factors in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the instinctive component of personality that operates from the basis of the pleasure principle |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that examines the uptake, selection, coding, and storage of information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rapid shift from one emotion to another within a very brief period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the energy that drives all human behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smallest unit of meaning in any language system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The following of a response with an end to discomfort or with the removal of a negative state of affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The acquisition of new responses because of their effects on the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Piaget, a tendency held by all species to systematize their processes into coherent systems. |
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Term
| PDP models (parallel-processing or connectionist models of information processes) |
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Definition
| Models that assume information processing takes place through interactions of large numbers of simple processing elements called units, each sending excitatory and inhibitory signals to other units. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The interpretation of information detected by the senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects perceived as having only their most common or recent functional significance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most basic identifiable sounds in a language system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The component in language studies that examines the system of sound in languages |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the rules that specify how language is used across social contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought based on irrational, illogical, and fantasy-oriented notions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to sort out relevant from irrelevant information and to adopt a strategy or plan for completing the task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a response is followed with pain or an otherwise negative event, or when a response is followed with the removal of a positive reinforcer (response cost). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The retention of information learned within the last twenty-four hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any event that brings about learning or increases the probability that a particular response will occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Retention of information occurring several weeks or months in the past. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A factor in association that assumes that ideas are likely to be associated when they occur together often. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An internal cognitive structure that facilitates adaptation. |
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Term
| Secondary-process thinking |
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Definition
| Thought based on realistic and rational approaches to problem solving. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process in which receptors detect information that is transmitted to the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Memory of an event that can be maintained for about 20 to 30 seconds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Have a valid relationship with the thing for which they stand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A factor in associationism that refers to associations being formed because events or ideas that occur close together have features that are similar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The level of awareness one has regarding other peoples’ thoughts, feelings, and intentions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The view that people can learn by observing events that they do not directly experience or perform |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beliefs about what important people or significant others think about an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the moral guidance that helps balance the drives associated with the id. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words, phrases, or written materials that stand for other things or ideas, but do not have a direct relationship with the objects they represent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of language studies that focuses on the rules that govern the way words are combined to form sentences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sequential application of possible solutions to problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abstract goals, such as beauty, freedom, or health, that do not have specific objects or reference points. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The capacity of sustaining outward attention over a prolonged period of time. |
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