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| state of matter solid liquid or gas |
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| that atomic layer of a sample which, if were placed in a vacuum it is tha layer in contact with the vacuum, "outermost atomic layer." |
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| the boundary between two phases; where two surfaces come together |
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Definition
| the separation of a compound or individual species and its subsequent deposition at the interface |
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| accumulation that goes into a particle (e.g. diffusion into crystal lattice, absorption into micropores within a structure |
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Definition
| opposite of adsorption; species or compound is released |
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Definition
| phase to which the species or compound is sorbed. soil sludges, activated carbon |
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Definition
| species or compound in the liquid phase which sorbs to solid phase (water) |
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Definition
| chemical, electrostatic, physical |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces- weak bonding |
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| 4 types of dipole interactions |
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Definition
| dipole moments, dipole-dipole interactions, dipole induced, instantaneous dipole |
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Definition
| fraction/percent soil volume occupied by pore space. important with regard to groundwater transport retardation and mass transfer. 30 to 50% |
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Definition
| does not include space of dead end pores; used to calculate groundwater velocity based on darcy's law. |
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Term
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Definition
| humic and non humic material |
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Definition
| humis polymers formed by microbiual activity. |
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Definition
| do to presence of of living organism; amino acids carbohydrates, fats etc |
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Definition
humin- insoluble at high pH
humic acids- soluble in acid and insoluble at high pH
Fulvic acid- soluble at both hihg and low pH |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes sorption continues as sorbate increases in aqueous phase |
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Term
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Definition
| based upon assumption that sorbate accumulates in a single monolayer on sorbent |
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| most common quantifying sorption |
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Definition
| empirical studies followed by best-fit analysis of sorption isotherm equation |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in potential between Pt electrode and standard hydrogen hydrogen electrode (mV) |
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Definition
| negative log of free aqueous electron activity |
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Term
| volatilization from soils |
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Definition
i)desorb
ii)diffuse from soil water to soil air
iii) diffuse to ambient atmosphere |
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Definition
sorption
soil water content
diffusion
temperature
wind and atmospheric turbulence |
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Term
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Definition
| 8.21 x 10^-5 m3xatm/ mol x K |
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Definition
| hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction, photolysis |
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Term
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Definition
organic contaminants metabolized
microorganisms use contaminant |
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Definition
| Does not include space of dead-end pores, Used to calculate groundwater velocity based on Darcy’s Law |
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Definition
Assumes sorption continues as [sorbate] increases in aqueous phase. Mass of material sorbed is proportional to aqueous phase concentration at low [sorbate] and decreases as sorbate accumulates on sorbent surface (C5-1-S40) (Slide 41 has equations)
Intake dose |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotherm Quantitative empirical mathematical expression to describe sorption. Plot of extent to which sorption occurs at successively higher concentration of sorbate at constant temperature. Representation of material sorbed (mass sorbate/mass sorbent) as function of equilibrium sorbate concentration. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms |
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Term
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Definition
| Based upon assumption that sorbate accumulates in a single monolayer on sorbent. As [sorbate] increases in liquid phase, proportionately more sorbent surface is covered until complete saturatio |
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Definition
| Stronger, more permanent bond in relation to physical sorption. Same characteristics as a true chemical bond. High enthalpy of sorption results in being favored by high temperatures |
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Definition
soluble at both high and low pH C135H182O95N5S2 (C5-1-S34)
Genotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| shifts in electron density within molecules that produce partial separation of charges |
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Term
| Dipole‐dipole interactions |
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Definition
| polar molecules interact with other polar molecules (C5-1-S14) |
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Term
| Dipole‐induced dipole interactions |
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Definition
| polar molecules interact with non-polar molecules (C5-1-S14) |
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Definition
| soluble in acid and insoluble at high pH C187H186O89N9S (C5-1-S34) |
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Term
| Instantaneous dipole‐induced dipole interactions fluctuating |
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Definition
| fluctuating electron cloud results in short-term dipole moments (C5-1-S14) |
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Term
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Definition
| Displacement of charged species on a solid surface by another species that has a higher affinity for the same site |
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Term
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Definition
| “That atomic layer of a sample which, if the sample were placed in a vacuum, is the layer ‘in contact’ with the vacuum; the outermost atomic layer of a sample.” (IUPAC) (C5-1-S3) |
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Term
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Definition
| Density of soil in place (kg/m3), Not compacted or disturbed, Silts and clays have lower ρB than sands and gravels (C5-1-27) |
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Definition
| Measure of surface density of exchange sites, Quantity of cations sorbed per mass of soil (expressed as meq per 100 g), Higher clay content ~ higher CEC, Higher organic content ~ higher CEC ( |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule’s tendency or driving force to leave its environment or phase it is in (C5-1-S7) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Thermodynamically stable. Originates from plant, animal and microbial biomass carbon. Three fractions: Humin/Humic Acids/Fulvic acids. Strongly sorbed to inorganic fraction (secondary iron minerals). Mineral organic complex. Primary sorbent in soils |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the tendency of a contaminant to exist at equilibrium between phases (C5-1-S4) |
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Definition
| state of matter; solid, liquid, or gas |
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Definition
| Probably most important for sorption of organic contaminants to soils, subsurface strata and granular activated carbon. Intermolecular forces - hydrogen bounding and Van der Waals forces – cause weak bonding. Four types of dipole interactions |
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Definition
| Fraction/percent of soil volume occupied by pore space, Important with regard to groundwater transport, retardation, and mass transfer |
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Definition
| Small pieces of parent material (i.e., rocks), More resistant to weathering, Examples: quartz (SiO2), feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed through chemical transformations (weathering), Clays Kaolinite (Si4Al4O10[OH]8), Smectite (Mx[Si,Al]8[Al,Fe,Mg]4O20[OH]4), Metal oxides (primarily Fe and Mn) (C5-1-S27) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two categories: Humic materials: humus; polymers formed by microbial activity. Nonhumic materials: due to presence of living organisms; amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, etc. (C5-1-S35) Often measured as organic carbon. SOM = 1.724SOC , SOC decreases exponentially with soil depth. Surface: 1-5% SOC, > 1-m depth: <0.1% SOC. Significant influence on sorption of organic and inorganic hazardous materials |
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Term
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Definition
| Fraction of soil pores filled with water, 100% in saturated soils, Typically 5-50% in surface soils, but can approach saturation. Used to estimate pore water velocity in unsaturated zone |
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