Term
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Definition
| an aquatic green algae from the Archaeplastida, plants' closest extant relatives |
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Definition
| still in existence, surviving |
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Definition
| non-vascular plants, mosses |
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Definition
| vascular seedless plants, ferns |
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Definition
| naked seed plants, conifera |
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Definition
| plants with seeds in fruits |
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Definition
| an embyo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coating |
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Definition
| mature ovary of a flower, contains seed. Aids in protection and disperal of seed. |
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Definition
| specialized structure holding reproductive structures (& the gametophytes). Aids in attracting pollinators by using color, nectar and fragrance |
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Definition
| male gametes- anther and filament |
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Definition
| vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals up from the roots of the plant |
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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports organic compounds from leaves to other parts of the plant- can go up and down the stem |
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Definition
| In cells walls, gives structural support |
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Definition
| polysaccharides in the walls of xylem cells- give structural support |
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Definition
| anchors plant, absorbs water and nutrients from soil, and prevents plant from falling |
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Definition
| connects leaves to roots, gives height, supports leaves and flowers |
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Definition
| dies back every year and resprouts- soft stem (tulips) |
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Definition
| shrub or tree stem that doesn't die back each year (roses) |
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Term
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Definition
| Suface area to volume ratio, mycellium have a high SAV |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny pores on leaves which allows diffusion of CO2 and O2 into leaf. Retain water |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate opening and closing of the stomata |
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Definition
| waxy covering that minimizes desiccation/water loss (outer layer of leaf) |
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Term
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Definition
| Male flower sex organ that contains pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| male flower sex organ that supports the anter |
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Term
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Definition
| Tip of the female sex organ of a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| female flower sex organ, pollen tube |
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Definition
| female flower sex organ that contains the ovula |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cell which will become the seed when fertilized with pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| stigma, style, ovary and ovule. All of the female flower sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| flower part that aids in attracting pollinators by using color and fragrance |
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Term
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Definition
| female flower gametophyte, held in ovary of the flower |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| type of angi0sperm that has only one cotyledon, parallel veins, scatter vascular tissue, fibrous root system, pollen grain with only one opening and floral organs usually in mulitples of three |
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Term
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Definition
| type of angiosperm why has two cotyledons, netlike veins, ringed vascular tissue, a taproot, pollne grain with three openings and floral organs in mulitples of four or five |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen from one anther to the stigma of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding body of a fungi, network of filaments below ground, high SAV. |
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Term
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Definition
| the single filaments that make up the mycelium |
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Term
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Definition
| what makes up a fungi's cell wall and the exoskeleton of an arthopod |
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Term
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Definition
| a beneficial relationship between plants and fungil |
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Term
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Definition
| external. Form a mantel, doesn't penetrate plant cells. Several types of fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| penetrate root cells, form arbuscules (branch), only fungi in the group Glomeromycota |
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Term
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Definition
| earliest fungi group, flaggellates spores |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "sac fungi", morels & fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| "club fungi", mushrooms & puffballs |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid cells that disperse and germinate to form new mycelia |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of two haploid hyphae without nuclear fission |
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Term
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Definition
| symbiosis of fungi and algae or cynobacteria. Create soil and provide a food source. Fungi provide structure and algae provide carbon. |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellur, heterotrophic, no cell wall, dominant diploid stage |
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Term
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Definition
| get their carbon energy by ingesting other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| extracellur structural proteins, what animals use instead of a cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes during fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| an early stage of development in animals. Layer of 128 cells surrounding the bastoceol. Hollowball |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layer embryo, the stage that cells have started to differentiate into germ layers |
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Term
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Definition
| the immature form of an animal |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding and growing. Don't have to compete |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage of an animal's life |
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Term
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Definition
| the process during embyonic development that is a complex and coordinated series of cellular movements. Produces a three layer embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of a larva into an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous layers that isolate specialized true tissues from other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| collections of specialized cells isolated from other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer germ layer, epidermis and nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle germ later, muscles, bones and circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost germ layer, gives rise to the inner organs and lining of digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| allows for the development of complex organs and large body sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid or air filled spaces separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| animals without a body cavity; tissues fill the region between their gut and body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have a "false coelom"; an unlined body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| animals with a lined body cavity; tissue lining called the peritoneum which encloses the organs in the coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| can cut it any way longitudinally and always end up with mirrored images |
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Term
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Definition
| mirror-image right and left sides, only one way to split it |
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Term
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Definition
| great increase in diversity of animal forms. Animals appeared. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
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Term
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Definition
| adult stage retains juvenile characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| master regulatory genes that control location and organization of body parts. Small change can have dramatic results |
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Term
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Definition
| the closes living relatives to animals |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest most basal animal group. Larval stage, asymmetrical, specialized cells but no true tissues, monoblastic, hemaphrodites |
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Term
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Definition
| specilized sponge cell type that catches nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| specilized sponge cell type that digests and distrubutes |
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Term
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Definition
| animal group of radial symmetry, true tissues, diplobastic, nervous system, cnidocytes, medus and polyp forms |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 germ layers-epidermis and gastrodermis |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidarian body plan the is flipped over, free living-floats |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidarian body plan that has a base stalk |
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Term
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Definition
| unique stinging cells that function in defense and in capturing prey-threadlike |
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Term
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Definition
| contains thread-like barbs which deliver toxins or sticky substances to immobilize prey |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of simple nervous system- interconnected neurons lacking a brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Flatworms, triplobastic, bilateral symmetry, cephalization, organ systems, acoleomate |
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Term
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Definition
| the nervous tissue becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism, and eventually produces a head region with sensory organs-can respond better and faster |
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Term
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Definition
| round worms, pseudocoelomate, complete digestive system, 2 sexes, cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
| coats the body- a type of exoskeleton. For defense, strucural integrity and locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented worms, coelomate, closed circulatory system |
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Term
| closed circulatory system |
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Definition
| have blood vessels to move oxygen throughout body |
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Term
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Definition
| open circulatory system, coelomate, mantle, foot, radula, soft body with calcium carbonate shell-- three groups (Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephlapoda) |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that lines the shell of a mollusk |
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Term
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Definition
| belly foot in gatropoda, muscle characteristic of mollusk |
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Term
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Definition
| created by the bivalvia and gastropoda of mollusk |
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Term
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Definition
| teeth belt that scrapes nutrients off the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Mollusk group-belly foot, has a foot that leaves a slime trail, snails/slugs, marine fresh and terrestrial, graszers & predators, single spiral shell, eyes on stalked tentacles, terrestrial diffuse gases through cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| mollusk group, foot is a large muscle inside shell, clams, oysters, scallops, mantle lines shell to prevent irritants, mantle can secrete from shell (pearls in oysters), no radula, no distinct head, aquatic filter feeders, marine and fresh water, stick foot out and pull close and open shell to move |
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Term
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Definition
| mollusk group-head-foot, the foot is a siphone and tentacles, squid, octopus, cutlefish, nautilius, marine predators, "beak" and hooks, excellent sigh and problem solving, have the ability to learn so they can respond to prey |
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Term
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Definition
| segmented bodies grouped into head, thorax and abdomen, paired jointed appendages, exoskeleton, nervous system with well developed sensory organs, complex mouthparts, separate sexes |
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Term
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Definition
| outer covering made of chitin secreted by the epidermis to provide rigid support, leverage and prevent dessication on land |
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Term
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Definition
| head, thorax, and abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
| group of anthropoda, known for pincers or fanges, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites and spiders, segements modified into abdomen and cephalothorax, most common are arachnids, spiders have book lungs (stacks of lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
| group of anthropoda, with a myriad of feet, millipedes and centipedes, many repeated body segments, terrestrial, one pair of antennae, 3 pair of mouthparts including jaw-like mandibles, centipedes have posion claws, millipedes eat decaying plant matter |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest group of anthropoda, grasshoppers, moths, beetles, distinct heade, thorax and abdomen, terrestial and fresh water-few marine, 3 pairs of legs(6 total), 1 pair of antennae, mouthparts specialized for: chewing, piercing, sucking or lapping, many have wings that are an extension of a cuticle NOT an appendage, Had 3 major adaptive radiations: 1. evolution of mouthparts to feed on gymnosperms 2. evolution of wings for travel 3. co-evolution with angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
| group of anthropoda that includes crabs, lobster, pill bugs, copepods and krill, marine & freshwater, some terrestrial, biramous appendages>forked, 2 pair of antennae, 3+ pair of mouthparts, walking legs on throax & abdomen, specialized sex appendages, gas exchange by gills or through thin areas of cuticle |
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Term
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Definition
| excretory organs connected to gut to rid waste |
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Term
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Definition
| system of branching tubes that carry gases to/from cells-spiracle on the end |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of several nerve ganglia to form a primitive brain. Connects to sensory organs. Nerve cord with many segmental ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| larval stage is totally different from final adult form |
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Term
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Definition
| larval and adult stage are similar, larvae look like mini adults that may lack wings/sex organs |
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Term
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Definition
| "second mouth" blastopore becomes anus, and the other end of the endoderm tube (gut) becomes the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue is specialized at the beginning of development any removal would have drastic consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| not yet specialized tissue, allows a cell to be removed and no devasting consequence (allows twinning)- splitting it even |
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Term
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Definition
| division are perpendicular and equal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "spiny skin" calcium under the skin, sea stars, sea cucumbers, urchins, 7000 specis, all marine, sessile or slow moving, bilateral larvae and then become radial symmetrical as adults, reproduce sexually by releasing gametes into the water, have a water vascular system, use tube feet for movement, water enters through filtered madreporite |
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Term
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Definition
| deuterostomes that have 4 common features 1. notochord 2. dorsal, hollow nerve chord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. postanal tail |
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Term
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Definition
| hydraulic system of canals and reservoirs that control thousands of tube feet |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the echinodermata that secrete adhesive chemicals and the water vascular system control thousands of these |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible rod between the gut and nerve chord of a chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the four characteristics of chordates, muscular end of the chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel openings in the throat of a chordate |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 3 subphyla of chordates, filter feed, exhibit ALL four chordate characteristics into adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the 3 subphyla of chordates, exhibit chordate traits in larval stage but lose a lot in the adult stage, appear simple, filter feed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What challenges and opportunities would have affected the colonization of land by plants? |
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Definition
| less water meanings that have less access to floating nutrients and cannot transport gametes through the water, gravity, dessication, UV rays |
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Term
| What "trends" are apparent in the evolution of plants? |
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Definition
| they evolved strategies for obtaining, distributing % conserving water; dispursing & protecting gametes; dispursing & protecting offspring; growing taller for obtaining light and wind dispersal |
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Term
| What shared derived characteristics of Angiosperms likely lead to their adaptive radiation? |
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Definition
| FRUITS AND FLOWERS habitat differentiation- can retain water in dry environments, wet environments- readapted to life in water, low nutritent environments-carnivorous plants, comptetion-parasites&epiphytes that use other plants to grow on & vines that have a root in the ground but ust other structures to grow up, modified root & stem & leave adaptations, selection for efficient pollination by diversity of pollinators & attraction methods (nectar, color, fragrance) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a fruit? (this is NOT a philosophy question...) |
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Definition
| aids in protection and dispersal of seeds, gets seedling away from parent plant to reduce competition |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a flower? (...neither is this.) |
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Definition
| holds reproductive structures of the plant and aids in attracting pollinators by color, nectar and fragrance |
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Term
| What structures do land plants did plants evolve that allowed them adapt to life on land? |
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Definition
| cellulose in cell walls, vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, roots and stems for support, leaves for photosynthesis and to retain water |
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Term
| What is the significance of SAV ratio to plant leaves and roots? |
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Definition
| leaves increase the SAV so they can capture more sun |
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Term
| What is the relationship between fungi and most plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are lichens good colonizers of barren land? |
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Definition
| the fungus provide structure and collects water and nutrients while the algae provide carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellur, heterotrophic, no cell wall, dominant diploid stage |
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Term
| What are the results of the process of gastrulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Cambrian Explosion? |
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Definition
| great increase in diversity of animal forms. Animals appeared. |
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Term
| What is the role of developmental genes in the evolution of animals? |
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Definition
| they influenced the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of an organism. Small changes meant the evolution of a totally new species |
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Term
| What are the major evolutionary developments in the evolution of animals? |
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Definition
| specialized cells, true tissues, 3 germ layers, cephalization and bilateral symmetry, coelom, nervous system, cuticle, |
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Term
| Does evolution always produce organisms that are more "complex" than previous ones?... Why do we still see organisms that appear relatively unchanged from their early ancestors from millions of years ago? |
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Definition
| no, simple organisms still exist because they are successful at what they do |
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Term
| What types of adaptations might help an animal become a successful predator? |
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Definition
| sensory organs, well developed eyes, cephalization, |
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Term
| How did the adaptive radiation of Angiosperms effect the evolution of many other forms of life? |
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Definition
| if they had continued to exist they would be unrecognizable without the benefit of angisperms that proved to be a reliable source of energy for all levels of the food chain. There would be less insect diversity, less O2 |
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Term
| What's the advantage of having a larval stage? |
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Definition
| They are completely specialized to feed and grow because there is no need for comptetive parts or sex organs. The larva can totally devote it's life to feeding and growing |
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